Chloe Ziff . Professor Gary Rosenblatt. April 13, 2017.

Chloe Ziff Professor Gary Rosenblatt April 13, 2017 American Sign Language II Seeing Voices By Oliver Sacks Seeing Voices is a profound novel that was written by famous neurologist, Oliver Sacks in 1989. Seeing Voices is a book that delves into the history of Sign Language and expresses a genuine meaning behind what language truly is. Oliver Sacks is an engaging and fascinating writer. Being able to explore outside what he is used to, he can expand his knowledge about language. Being knowledgeable on psychiatry can help him get a better understanding of cognitive ability in the deaf community and the importance of why keeping Sign Language away from Deaf children is not beneficial for them in the hearing world. Like many of his books,†¦show more content†¦The language of the Deaf is usually consistent with the environment the language is being spoken in. For example, the signs that one can encounter in British Sign Language can be different than signs that are seen in American Sign Language. Although Sign Language itself is very universal, the specific patterns and methods of spe aking that are associated with each kind of Deaf Community can be drastically different. Sacks himself was not deaf, but it was an exciting experience for him to dive into a community he was not familiar with. The second part of the book, Sacks goes into detail about the importance of Sign Language itself and discusses the situation in which he meets a young Deaf boy named Joseph. When reading this book, I completely understood and agreed with Sacks when he stated that deaf children must learn a language at a young age to be successful. With that being said, Oliver Saks researched American Sign Language, and as a result, he ultimately decided that the Critical Period Hypothesis is extremely important when discussing the Deaf community. This theory states that there is a critical age at which people should learn a language, or they will forever be unable to express themselves with little to no education in language. Sacks show that by keeping Sign Language away from Deaf children is ultimately hurting them rather than helping. Forcing deaf children at a young age to speak and not use Sign Language as their first language is

Scientific Sessions Free Essays

Name: Ornella Hayles ID Number: 816008392 Tutor: Sheldon Pilgrim Session: Tuesdays 2-3pm3700030000 Name: Ornella Hayles ID Number: 816008392 Tutor: Sheldon Pilgrim Session: Tuesdays 2-3pm44000341947525002514604000070000455003536315690006939915370000455003536315350003520440Sci, Med TechReflective Journal3600028000Sci, Med TechReflective JournalSession Date: 22/01/18 Session No: 1Session Title: Introduction to Science TechnologyIn the first session, the lecturer did an introduction of Science Technology and an overall view of the course outline. After the introduction, I got a perspective of what Science Technology was. At first, I thought the course was going to be essentially, about science since it was mainly being mentioned, but I was wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Sessions or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lecturer took her time to clearly distinguished between science and technology and its importance to society or the world in general. She ensured that we all understood what she was lecturing by engaging us to respond to her questions, it appeared that she really wanted us to understand what was being taught so she went over what she said twice, two different ways which I appreciated. It helped me a lot to understand and grasp the concepts effectively. The use of visual cues seemed to work well with the class as it captured our attention and made us receptive. Through research I’ve come to realise scientists all have different perceptions of the word science. â€Å"Science does not purvey absolute truth, science is a mechanism. It’s a way of trying to improve your knowledge of nature, it’s a system for testing your thoughts against the universe and seeing whether they match† Isaac Asimov 1988. Science is important because it can solve some of our problems such as global warming and world hunger. I believe that science is still evolving and there’s trial and error with science which means we learn new information and we advance as humans but, it can all take years for such research or technology to be developed. â€Å"Technology can be thought of as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes†. I’ve always considered technology and science to be separate now, through critical analysis I know that science and technology are closely associated with each other. Which means technology is a part of science, it has been in existence since the prehistoric human culture (stone age). In my opinion technology is everywhere although we might not realise it our note books are a form of technology whereby we use our knowledge to document for practical purposes like computers. Overall for my first time doing this course it was challenging but, I’ve come to appreciate science and technology more, subsequently I can’t imagine having to sleep without a roof above my head or having to cook using sticks and rocks. Through this experience I’ve got a spark of curiosity that makes me more enthusiastic to know more about science and technology. Scientists have reached so far in the field of technology whereby people can afford to do scientific research and make scientific break throughs from their own houses. The society we all know and accustomed to would be non-existent if it wasn’t for the advancement in technology. We’re so dependent on science and technology without realising it. 23 MORE WORDS Session Date: 29/01/18 Session No: 2 Session Title: Scientific Methods The Nature of ScienceFor the second session, the lecturer started class with a recap of science. â€Å"All of science is uncertain and subject to revision. The glory of science is to imagine more than we could prove† Freeman Dyson. To follow up with the course outline, she started the second topic. To my understanding science is like a puzzle, to see the full image you need to put the pieces together. This can be distinguished through the scientific process. â€Å"The scientific method is a series of steps followed by scientific investigators to answer specific questions about the natural world† Regina Bailey 2017. What surprised me the most about this process is the fifth step experimentation, which is the most important step in this process. This is so because it can cause major breakthroughs in the world of science or a reversal. Through science we can make technological advancements and end some of the world major problems. â€Å"Fields of engineering are closely related to applied science. Applied science is important for technology development† Wikipedia 2018. It is understood that through scientific knowledge scientists have been able to provide services for the wellbeing of humans. Through many experiments people have been saying technology is good because it helps people medically and physically, it connects us as human beings and gives us entertainment. On the plus side technology is causing us to become less social. With this experiment, it shows how technology is applicated through private and public knowledge orientation. â€Å"Scientific objectivity is a characteristic of scientific claims, methods and results. It expresses the idea that the claims, methods and results of science are not, or should not be influenced by particular perspective value commitments, community bias or personal interests, to name a few relevant factors. Objectivity is often considered as an ideal for scientific inquiry, as a good reason for valuing scientific knowledge, and as the basis of the authority of science in society† Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy 2014. To my knowledge there are three methods that scientists use inductive approach, deductive approach and hypothetico -deductive approach. The inductive approach and deductive approach are opposite, where the inductive approach is based off fact then there’s a conclusion whilst deductive approach is a valid type of reasoning. Induction starts with observation, then a pattern, tentative, hypothesis and finally a theory. â€Å"In induction inference, we go from the specific to the general. We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a generalisation, and infer an explanation or a theory† Wassertheil Smoller 2017. Deduction has four stages theory, hypothesis, observation and confirmation. â€Å"Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true† Tech Target. Lastly hypothetico- deductive method which is seen as the only true method. What I understand is that the only way to truly test this is through experimentation which you either accept or reject the hypothesis and finally have an example. This week’s session journal was manageable enough for me. Session Date: 05/02/18 Session No: 3 Session Title: Scientific Methods, Theories and ModelsIn this week’s session, the lecturer started with the scientific method, then followed with theories and lastly models. Science is empirical, which means that it is based on observation over theory or logic. In class, we briefly discussed the history of scientific methods. It is understood that Plato 429-347 BC did not believe in empiricism but reasoning. â€Å"All knowledge could be obtained through pure reasoning (inductive), no need to actually go out and measure anything,† Plato 427-347 BC. â€Å"Contributions have been more influential, particularly when it comes to science and logical reasoning (deductive)† Aristotle 384-322 BC. Aristotle believed in empiricism. Personally, I agree with both Plato and Aristotle, for me science can be based on observation and reasoning also through empiricism where there’s a logical way to test such observations. A major point in this week’s session was observation. Observation is knowledge or data we acquire through experimentation. An example of observation from what I understand is the writing up of labs (biology or chemistry) for labs you have to observe then write what you understand. Through my research in observation I came across this question which intrigued me â€Å"Is creative concentration contagious?† Lynda Barry 2011. This brings me into another key example in topic three. When a baby sees his mother drinking in a cup, he tries to do the same with his cup, he holds it up and tries to take a sip from his cup. The baby first observes, then experiments. There are two types of observations, qualitative observations which uses your senses to observe the results and quantitative observations are made with instruments such as ruler, cylinders and thermometers which are tangible. These results are measurable. They could be used together or separately to measure data. Quantitative observation only gives statistical analysis after all the data has been gathered. What I understand from scientific theory is that it’s a repetition of a process of the natural to ensure the accuracy or legitimacy using a form of observation and experiment. An example of this would be no new evidence would show water is wet, or that you can see without your glasses. Experimentation is the process of performing a scientific procedure, especially in a laboratory, to determine something† Oxford dictionaries 2018. From the information, I gathered from the session so far is that observation and experimentation are relate and there are two types of observation. â€Å"A statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe is called a scientific law’ Wikipedia 2017. A scientific law doesn’t explain the why or what of this observed phenomenon. The explanation of this phenomenon is the scientific theory, this is why or how they are related. â€Å"In science, laws are a starting place† Peter Coppinger 2017. The description of such phenomenon is called a model. These models can be physical, conceptual or mathematical it is often used in scientific theories. How to cite Scientific Sessions, Papers

Formation And Incorporation Of Corporations †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Formation And Incorporation Of Corporations. Answer: Issues The key issues of this case are regarding the formation and incorporation of corporations, such as selection of register officer, filing the application and selecting the name of the firm. Further, the issues involve benefits of the company over sole proprietorship such as tax exemptions, expansion of business and ease in rising of funding. Type of Corporations Section 112 of the Corporations Act 2001 provides the provisions regarding different kinds of companies. The firms are divided into two parts, Proprietary, and Public Enterprises. The proprietary corporations fall into two parts, limited by shares and Unlimited with share capital. Public companies are divided into four parts which include, limited by shares, limited by guarantee, Unlimited with share capital and No liability company (Kobras 2010). Corporations Name The section 148 of the Corporations Act 2001 provides provisions regarding name of an organization. The company is requiring using an available name or Australian Company Number. In case of a public company, the word Limited must be added at the end and in the proprietary firm the word Proprietary Limited must be included in the corporations title. The unlimited proprietary companies are required to add Proprietary at the end, and no liability enterprises are required to add No Liability at the end of their title. Section 147 provides that the name of a corporation must not be identical to another organisation and it must not be unacceptable by a government authority or ASIC. The unacceptable names include the titles rejected by ASIC, the names which include commonwealth or federal and which are denied by government authority. The availability of name can be checked over National Names Index which can be searched through online website of ASIC (ASIC n.d.). A person can reserve a name under section 152 by applying prescribed form to ASIC. ASIC is obligated to reserve the name if it is available and such reservation last for two months after that person can write an application for extension of a name for two more months (Kobras 2011). Registered Office The section 119A provides provisions regarding the jurisdiction for incorporations of an enterprise. A company is incorporated in particular jurisdiction which includes a state or Territory. The firms are required to submit applications under section 117(2) (n) and 601BC (2) (o) for its registration. ASIC is obligated for providing the name of state or territory of corporations in the registration certificate. The legal capabilities of an enterprise did not get affected by the regulations of state or territory. The proposed address provided by the corporation in it registration application becomes the permanent address for its registered office. Generally, the registered office of an enterprise situated near the place of work of a company and is considered as the permanent address of the enterprise. Section 144 provides that it is mandatory for corporations to display its name at every place where it carries out its business (McBurnie and Ziguras 2001). Consents and Share Details While registering a corporation, it is necessary that the structure of the company is defined which include the number of shares and directors authorities. The consent of directors, shareholders and members of the enterprise are required for the registration. In case of a proprietary firm, the approval of the entire member is necessary for the registration procedure. The directors and members shareholding details are also needed to be provided at the time of registration. All such information must be correct and submitted at the date of registration (Coffee, Sale and Henderson 2015). Constitution or Replaceable Rules Section 136 provides that a corporation can adopt a constitution before or after its incorporation, the constitution is the contract between the company and its directors, secretary, and other members. Constitution governs the operations of directors and member of a corporation (Lawpath 2015). The replaceable rules provided under Corporations Act which also governs the internal management of an enterprise. Section 141 of the act contains provisions regarding replaceable rules which include provision relating to maintenance of books and appointment, selection, and power of directors. The adoption of the constitution is mandatory for No liability and special purpose proprietary corporations. In this case, the constitution is a better option than replaceable rules because constitution covers a wide variety of circumstances and it is a safer option for the enterprise (LegalVision 2016). Lodging Application and Paying Fee Section 117 provides provisions for lodging a registration application with ASIC. The application must include following items (Chen, Dyball and Wright 2009): Type, name, address, hour of business, proposed register office, place of business of the company Name, consent, address, family details, number of shareholding of the members Amount paid by each member and copy of constitution Application must be in prescribed format ASIC charge fees for the document and application lodge by any party. For reservation of companys name a fee of AU$48 is payable and applying for registration has a fee of AU$479 for share capital and without share capital, it is AU$395 (Green 2010). Effect of Incorporation As per section 119, a corporation comes into existence as a body corporate on the day of its incorporation. The company acquires various rights and liabilities, and it remains in existence until its deregistration. Applicability In this case, a proprietary corporation is a better choice for Richards business because it provides various benefits such as tax exemptions, expansion, and control over operations. As per National Names Index, both names (Ridali and Richs Guaranteed Olives) are available for registration. The registered office of the company should be in the Hunter Valley because it is the place of business for the enterprise. Richard should get the consent of his sons and another member who will be the part of such corporation. The company should adopt constitution instead of replaceable rules because it is safe and cover wider circumstances. The method of lodging application and effects of incorporations are mentioned above. From the above observations, incorporating a company is a better option for Richard and his sons, and the procedure of registering a corporation is referred above. Issues The key issues of this case include tortious liability of negligence by Cosmo Mine Ltd; they failed their duty of care to provide a safe environment to their workers. Another problem is whether the corporate veil can be lifted and the directors can be held responsible for the acts of Cosmo Mining Services Pty Ltd. Lifting of Corporate Veil Every corporation has separate legal entity from its directors and members meaning a member cannot be held personally liable for the actions of an enterprise. Any party aggrieved by the actions of corporations cannot sue the member or directors of such company (Ramsay and Noakes 2001). The corporate veil works as a shield for the members and directors, but in certain circumstances, the court had the authority to lift the corporate veil and held the person liable for their actions. The corporate veil can be lifted on the order or court or by the decision of shareholders of a company (Anderson 2009). Following are three circumstances from different cases in which court lifts the corporate veil. There have been several cases in which the court held corporations liable for controlling and decision-making for the operations of subsidiary companies. In the case of CSR Ltd. v Young (1998) Aust Tort Reports 81-468, the court that subsidiary corporations have established its parent enterprise agent for performing the transactions on behalf of its management (Anderson et al. 2012). Due to this relationship, the orders of Parent Corporations behest upon the subsidiary company. The plaintiff filed a case against both subsidiary and parent company because due to the work of corporations he suffered from mesothelioma. The court provided that both the enterprises have a duty of care to their employees and residents of the town because the parent company controls the actions of the subsidiary (Luntz n.d.). In Smith, Stone Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corp (1939) 4 ALL ER 116 case, the court did not consider the separate legal identity of two corporations and decided that one should be held liable for another organizations actions. In this case, the court found out that the holding company did not transfer the ownership of the waste paper business to its subsidiary which makes them the real owner of the firm and the subsidiary was just the agent of the holding corporation (Nyombi 2014). The court decided that the profits, employees, ventures, and control of subsidiary corporations shall be considered a holding companys business. The court can lift the corporate veil if the company is formed just as sham or faade to confuse or deceit the public. A good example was provided in Gilford Motor Co. v Horne (1993) Ch 935, in which an employee enters into a contract with his employer that he will not engage in similar business activities. After his resignations, the employee establishes corporations of similar work in which he and his family member were directors and shareholders. The court provided that formation of this organization is just a scam or faade and held the employee liable for his actions (Alcock 2013). In the case of Terry, the provision from above cases applies in this instance as well. The corporation failed to comply with their duty to care which caused injury to the employee. CM Company acts as an agent but completely control the operations of CMS because the majority of their shareholders were similar. Therefore, CM can be held liable for the actions of CMS. The Lazarus Pty Ltd was formed as scam and faade to remove the liability of CMS Corporation. The facts mentioned above provided that the shareholders and management of CM has an obligation towards their employees and citizens lived near the workplace; therefore, terry can file a suit against CM corporations to recover his losses. Scam and Faade Company In Creasey v Breachwood Motors Ltd (1993) BCLC 480 case, the general manager was wrongfully dismissed from Breachwood Welwyn Ltd, but before his suit, the corporation wound up (Franklin 2012). The assets of Breachwood Welwyn were transferred to Breachwood Motors, and they settle all its debts except for general managers claim. The court provided that Breachwood Motors is liable for the actions of Breachwood Welwyn because the directors ignored the provision of the separate legal entity and the new company is formed as scam or faade. In the case of Lazarus Pty Ltd, a similar principle applies as well. The new business is formed by the directors to avoid the liabilities of CMS; therefore, they shall be liable for the actions of CSM Company. Liability of Wound up Corporation CMS Company has been wound up by the unanimous vote of shareholders, in order to avoid its responsibility towards employees and public. Terry has right to file a suit against the shareholders for the damages suffered by him, due to the actions of CSM. The court can lift the corporate veil and held the shareholder liable towards the claims of Terry (Pradhan 2013). Conclusion From the above observations, it can be concluded that CM was acting as an agent for the CMS Corporation, but they hold the operating power of the company which provides them full control over the enterprise. The operations of CMS contaminated the nearby river which caused cancer to a citizen of Gunbarrel and Terry, who was the former employee of the company. The shareholders wound up the corporation to avoid the liabilities and transfer the asset to Lazarus Pty Ltd. Terry has right to file a suit against CM corporation the management of the company violated the principles of the separate legal entity and used another company to avoid their liabilities. The court can lift the corporate veil and held the director and shareholders of CM corporations liable towards employees and citizens. References Alcock, A., 2013. Piercing the Veil-A Dodo of a Doctrine.Denning LJ,25, p.241. Anderson, H., 2009. Piercing the veil on corporate groups in Australia: the case for reform.Melb. UL Rev.,33, p.333. Anderson, H.L., Welsh, M.A., Ramsay, I. and Gahan, P.G., 2012. Shareholder and Creditor Protection in Australia-A Leximetric Analysis. ASIC., n.d. Search ASIC Registers. ASIC. Retrieved from https://connectonline.asic.gov.au/RegistrySearch/faces/landing/SearchRegisters.jspx?_adf.ctrl-state=kfvwpc8ld_4 Chen, R., Dyball, M.C. and Wright, S., 2009. The link between board composition and corporate diversification in Australian corporations.Corporate Governance: An International Review,17(2), pp.208-223. Coffee Jr, J.C., Sale, H. and Henderson, M.T., 2015. Securities regulation: Cases and materials. Franklin, L., 2012. Company Law. Significance of corporate personality and the meaning of'lifting the veil of incorporation'. Green, R., 2010. Overview of some things to consider when registering an Australian company. Clear Docs. Retrieved from https://www.cleardocs.com/clearlaw/company-registration/company-registration-considerations.html Kobras, S., 2010. Business Structures in Australia. [PDF file]. Schweizer Kobras. Retrieved from https://www.schweizer.com.au/articles/Business_Structures_in_Australia_(SK00125445).pdf Kobras, S., 2011. Corporate Law. [PDF file]. Schweizer Kobras. Retrieved from https://www.schweizer.com.au/articles/Corporate_Law_(SK00079638).pdf Lawpath., 2015. Company Constitution vs Corporations Act Replaceable Rules. Lawpath. Retrieved from https://lawpath.com.au/blog/company-constitution-vs-corporations-act-replaceable-rules LegalVision., 2016. Whats the Difference Between a Company Constitution and the Replaceable Rules?. LegalVision. Retrieved from https://legalvision.com.au/difference-between-a-company-constitution-and-the-replaceable-rules/ Luntz, H., CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE LAW OF TORTS. McBurnie, G. and Ziguras, C., 2001. The regulation of transnational higher education in Southeast Asia: Case studies of Hong Kong, Malaysia and Australia.Higher Education,42(1), pp.85-105. Nyombi, C., 2014. Lifting the veil of incorporation under common law and statute.International Journal of Law and Management,56(1), pp.66-81. Pradhan, K., 2013. Liability of Past Members during Winding Up of a Company. Ramsay, I. and Noakes, D.B., 2001. Piercing the corporate veil in Australia.

My Vision Essay Example

My Vision Essay My Vision ! I met a girl this winter who moved my heart. Her name was Tiya, she is 14 and living at the Bethany House, a women? s shelter where I was volunteering. Her mothers unstable and, at times, unsafe lifestyle, Tiya was forced to move around from state to state. She had been held back a few years in previous grades and was still in the 7th grade. While my cousin and I were cooking a Sunday dinner for the ladies in the shelter, Tiya came in to help and we had a long, heart-breaking, conversation. I told her â€Å"you know Tiya, you can get out of this, leave this life behind; you just need to work as hard as you can in school†. She replied with a simple â€Å"no I can? t, I don? t have what it takes†. She doesn? t believe in herself, because she has no one who believes in her. ! Children born into unstable families or families dependent on welfare are born into one of the biggest injustices in this country. Girls become single mothers at such young ages, and welfare is their only resource to turn to. What these girls/families need isn? t just money, they need help. Raising a child is a very hard job for a 15/16 year old to accomplish alone and with the teen-pregnancy percentage so high in this day and age, we should be doing something more to help single mothers, prevent these pregnancies and stop the cycle of families being dependent on welfare. ! â€Å"Welfare is an addiction, no different from those who become dependent on drugs, alcohol, gambling or other controlling factors† (Madison Journal Today). We will write a custom essay sample on My Vision specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Vision specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Vision specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the United States any person on welfare/food stamps is looked upon as lazy and uneducated because they are receiving hard-earned tax payer dollars. It is not the people to blame for receiving this money effortlessly, it is the government. ! The efforts I? ve seen work for other â€Å"at risk† groups have been by people who have experienced the same challenges and therefore can relate. Our countries political policies are out of touch and maybe over-educated. Ask a soldier how to deter war, he might have better ideas than a four star general. We need more boots on the ground so to speak. Community centers, careers institutes or something similar. These can be funded by our government. â€Å"Who? s in charge ? †, you ask. I? m thinking of a brand new approach. Yes, these programs still need the psychologist P. H. D? s but they also need to send the right personalities. By this I mean people who grew up with similar experiences. This would not only create jobs for future social workers but also an incentive to be trained in this area. How is the pay? Presently, not good and this would be the key political move. Social Workers need to be payed accordingly for their hard work. How does politics move forward? With education, grass roots activism and government action. ! Next fall I will be majoring in Political Science at Howard University and I hope that this degree will give me the tools i need to ? x these programs. The same systems have been in place for so long and it is time for an updated one to come into action. I know that there is a solution to be made in the future and I can? t wait to be apart of the solution.

How to Improve Your Instagram Engagement With 15 Tips

How to Improve Your Instagram Engagement With 15 Tips One of the biggest challenges with any social media platform is getting your audience to engage with your content. We all know the saying that a picture is worth a thousand words. So, when you post a picture on Instagram, you should get tons of engagement, right?  After all, its a platform thats all about pictures. It isnt always that easy though. Fortunately, were about to dive into how you can become an Instagram engagement mastermind. Well run through 15 tactics you can implement right now. Plus, have you heard you can schedule to Instagram with ? Now you can plan these tactics in advance to go from spontaneous to strategic! Here we go! Download 20 Free Bonus Tips Get even more Instagram marketing tips with this free download. By the time youre done reading, youll have all the knowledge you need to drive more engagement and earn more followers. 1. Use Hashtags For 12.6% More Engagement You didn't think hashtags were just for Twitter, did you? Hashtags allow users to stumble across your Instagram page by searching for hashtags. If a user is interested in marketing, they can type #Marketing into the Instagram search bar and find posts related to marketing. Posts with at least one relative Instagram hashtag average 12.6% more engagement  than posts without a hashtag. So, if you want to get more likes on Instagram, hashtags are a great place to start! Although Instagram allows up to 30 hashtags per post, try to keep it around 5-10 so you don't come across as spammy. Or else you can hide your hashtags, so they can’t look spammy! Make them invisible by preceding them with four or five periods, each one on a line by itself. Sprout Social's Dominque Jackson offers  two good tips to keep in mind when using hashtags: "Look at how many hashtags influencers in your industry and your competitors use in their posts." "Track the engagement of your posts when you use different amounts of hashtags." 70% of the most used hashtags are branded. Consider creating a branded hashtag that you use on each image post for more engagement. This way users can easily recognize who the image is from. TIP: Include only relevant hashtags to Instagram photos. 2. Use Correct Size Images To Stand Out In A Feed There's nothing worse than uploading an awesome photo that gets cutoff or doesn't upload the way you envisioned. Instagram image size used to be 612px by 612px,  but then switched to 1080px  by 1080px to keep up with Retina and other high-resolution displays available on smartphones, tablets and laptops. That's a huge improvement! Instagram still scales these photos down to 612 x 612 pixels, but you don't have to worry about your image getting cutoff. You can edit your photos or create awesome collages with these 7 tools mentioned by Post Planner: Snapseed  - A complete and professional photo editor developed by Google. VSCO Cam  -  Shoot and edit your images in one app. Camera+  -  Set exposure separately from focus. Easily control how light or dark your shots come out. Overgram  -  Choose from 16 carefully curated and dramatically different fonts. Find fonts that are useful, fun, and beautiful, perfect for any occasion. Pic Stitch  -   #1 photo and video collage maker. Squaready  - Allows you to post entire photos on Instagram without cropping. Hipstamatic  - The original photo filter app.  Choose the overall mood of your image with Hipstamatic's signature Lenses, Films, and Flashes, then fine tune with extensive editing tools Make sure that your photos are not only sized correctly, but are also appealing. Studies show that  brighter  pictures get 592% more likes than the darker ones. Muted palettes also get the most likes. So, give priority to grays, blues, and greens. Be cool on Instagram- at least when it comes to colors! Prioritize grays, blues, and greens for max engagement on Instagram.3. Include A Call-To-Action Instagram is a photo sharing app. But, you can use it as a platform to leverage the written word too. Take your audience a step further by adding a call-to-action to your Instagram photos. That call-to-action tells your followers exactly what you want them to do. With Instagram you  can either put  the call-to-action in the caption of the image or creating images with the text built right in. The goal of a call-to-action is to increase the number of likes and comments a photo receives. You can ask your audience to: Double tap photos Tag 2 friends Share a comment Recommended Reading: How to Write a Call to Action In A Template With 6 Examples 4. Include Witty Captions On Photos Not every description has to include a call-to-action. You can win your audience over with a witty caption on your Instagram image. You can spice up your Instagram captions by: Dusting in a question: Whipping up a quick tip: Sprinkling in a benefit: Adding a dash of humor: To achieve maximum engagement on captions, include a few emojis.  Post Planner shared how they earned  3x Instagram growth by using emojis to ignite engagement in both posts and comments. Recommended Reading: How To Write For Social Media To Create The Best Posts 5. Post At The Right Times Instagram audiences are more engaged throughout the week. Quick Sprout found that Instagram engagement is fairly steady, with slight increases on Monday and decreases on Sunday. So, Mondays should get a little more attention since it's the beginning of the week. Here are the best times to post on Instagram: Monday and Thursday at any time other than  3–4 p.m. Videos any day at  9 p.m.–8 a.m. Experiment with 2 a.m., 5 p.m., and Wednesday at 7 p.m. General best times to post on Instagram: 8–9 a.m. 2 a.m. 5 p.m. Find out what times work best for you! Figuring out what drives the most engagement is all about trial and error. Recommended Reading: What 23 Studies Say About the Best Times to Post on Social Media 6. Host Instagram Contests Drive the engagement your way by hosting an Instagram contest.  People are motivated by free giveaways. Hosting a contest is one of the easiest way to gain exposure and get more followers on Instagram, which will help you increase your engagement. Be clear about your objectives and exactly how you want your audience to participate for the best outcome. Define easy, simple rules before you launch your contest. Here are some  tips for hosting contests: Like to win contests.  Users can be qualified for the contest by simply liking the Instagram contest photo. Hashtag user-generated content contests.  Users can share their own photo by including a contest-centered hashtag to the photo to be qualified. Tag 2-3 friends to win contests.  Users can be qualified by tagging two or three of their Instagram friends into the comment section of the contest photo. Make your product the prize.  If your aim is to promote your brand, make sure your product is the prize. Use a contest specific hashtag.  Always use a hashtag when hosting a contest so that your  users are aware that a specific hashtag is related to your contest. Have you tried running an Instagram contest?7. Create Instagram Stories To Drive Engagement Instagram  Stories are fairly new, bringing Snapchat-like functionality to the platform. This function allows users to upload and write over unfiltered pictures and videos that disappear after 24 hours. What does this mean for marketers? Instagram stories will help boost your Instagram strategy. Instagram stories are located at the top of the news feed as circles. You can click on these circles and view the story.  Users can draw on photos and videos, add text and even filters to jazz them up before posting too. It allows you too share content, without clogging up your news feed. To create your own Instagram story: 1. Tap on the plus button found on the top-left side of your newsfeed  or swipe left in your Feed. You can also quickly launch Stories by swiping right from the main screen: 2. Tap the circle button at the bottom of the screen to take photos or tap and hold to record a video. 3. Edit the photos or videos with text or add a drawing as you normally would. If you hit the pen icon, there are three types of pens. The third one makes your sketch look like a neon sign: 4. Tap Done to save your Story. 5. Tap the check-mark button to share to your Story. Here are ways you can leverage Instagram stories to your benefit: Show your brands personality. Upload a fun picture or video of your office shenanigans. Share a quick tip or tutorial.  Try doing a 'Tip Tuesday' or other form of tip sharing story. Advertise limited sales.  Promote a sale you're having directly on your Instagram story. Vote on next post.  Let your audience decide what your next Instagram post will be! Users can comment their answer on your most recent post. Host a QA.  Answer your audience's burning questions through Instagram stories. Stand out from your competition using Instagram stories.8. Include A Link In Profile Do you want your audience to view your website, sign up for a newsletter, or read you blog? Well, you can send them in the right direction by including a link in your Instagram profile description. Instagram prohibits the use of clickable links within your captions but you can change your bio link at any time and use a call to action to drive traffic to that link. To change your Instagram bio: Click  Edit Profile on your Instagram profile page. Click on  Bio. Type out your new bio and include the URL link you want. Select  Done. Make sure to tell your users what the link is for and where they can find it in your Instagram post. Recommended Reading: How to Increase Visibility with Social Media Optimization 9. Share Videos To Attract Attention Although there have been studies that photos see more engagement than videos on Instagram, videos are still a great for engagement if executed correctly. Earlier this year, Instagram videos went from being 15 seconds long to 60 seconds long. Instagram videos are similar to Instagram stories, except they last forever rather than 24 hours. So make sure your video is creative and entertaining. Nike has taken advantage of the video trend: Here's how to shoot a video directly in the app: Have you tried shooting video on Instagram?10. Create Banner Images A tactic that's often overlooked is using banner images. Banner images are multiple images posted that form together to create on big picture on your Instagram profile. It's a trendy way to catch people's attention,  but it could be annoying if it's overdone. Use this tactic only when you have a big announcement or feature to promote. You can even take this a step further by making your audience guess what it is you're introducing.   Build suspense by only posting one part of the picture every week. That way you're audience won't know what you're announcing until all pieces of the picture have been posted. To create banner images you can use  mobile apps such as Giant Square or Banner Pic.  These apps allow you to easily upload the photo you wish to post as a grid, divide it up into several segments and upload them to your Instagram gallery. Curious how to create banner images on Instagram?11. Choose The Best Complementary Filter The key to having a clean Instagram page is to have all your images look similar, or branded. Brand image is how people perceive your brand and it sets you aside from others. It's important so customers can identify themselves with your product based on an image they see. Take our Instagram page for example, all of our images have the same style so it's easily recognizable that it's a post from . According to Refinery29, using the right filter  can increase the odds your image will be seen by 21% and increase comments by 45%. When it comes to brand image: Choose a similar style of filter every time so that your Instagram page looks uniform. Don't use too many different filters. Avoid black and white photos because they don't stand out in a feed. Filters that increase saturation (intensity of color in the image) don't increase engagement. Recommended Reading: The Ultimate Guide to Using Color Psychology in Marketing 12.  Cross Promote On Other Social Channels Is your business on Facebook? How about Twitter? Maybe even LinkedIn? Chances are, your business is on more than one social channel. Use these sites as a gateway to bring your audience to your Instagram company page. For example, when your Twitter followers mention your company, you can occasionally respond back by encouraging them to check out your Instagram page. Cross promotion can boost your presence from nothing to something. Remember not to respond to every mention this way so you don’t come across as spammy. Only encourage your followers to check out your Instagram page if you truly think they would. Recommended Reading: Social Campaigns: Simplify Your Social Promotion [New Feature] 13. Follow And Like Similar Accounts To get your business name out there, you'll have to see what other's in your industry are posting on Instagram.  You can follow similar accounts  by searching for hashtags to find likeminded friends. Once you find an account you like, follow them and like 3 of their photos. This  shows the user that not only did someone who is kind of like them follow them, but they also dug a little bit and really liked what they found. Apps like Pixifly, Banjo,  and Instaround allow you  to see what Instagram users in your  area are posting so you  can follow and engage with your local or broader community. Recommended Reading: How to Get Insanely Loyal Followers on Social Media 14. Create Instagram Ads One of the best ways to reach new audiences is through Instagram ads.  You have to spend money in order to make money. Instagram  ads are a guaranteed way to reach more people and bring engagement to your page. Facebook is the parent company of Instagram, so in order to create an Instagram ad, you will need to use the Power Editor feature through Facebook.  Here's a great video on exactly how to set up your Instagram ad. To create an Instagram ad in Power Editor: Click the Manage Ads tab at the top of the page. Click on the left side of the page and then click Create Ad. On the Create Ad page, choose whether to use an existing campaign or create a new campaign. Enter a name for the ad and click Create. 15. Respond To Comments Just like with any social media platform, it's important to respond to comments so that your audience knows your human and you care what others have to say.  Let your audience know that you aren’t a social media robot - you’re a real person. When users comment on your Instagram posts, respond quickly. If you don’t, then it’s going to seem like you’re not very active on your own Instagram page- or you simply don’t care. Your followers will be much more likely to post comments if they know that you are reading them and that you will respond to them in a helpful manner. Use first names when you are responding. Addressing your followers in this way makes them feel more appreciated- not to mention that people love to be acknowledged. Small gestures like these help to build loyalty. If you respond right away, there’s a chance that the conversation will continue since they may still be on your page. Recommended Reading: How to Use Social Media Listening to Create Better Content for Your Audience What Instagram Engagement Tactics Work For You? Take a step back from the typical selfie and use the power of visuals to your advantage! Instagram engagement is 10x higher than Facebook and 54x higher than Pinterest,  so what do you have to lose? Get in there and engage with your audience! Have you tried out ’s Instagram scheduling? Quit forgetting to post on Instagram, and instead do it with just a few clicks. Get a free 14-day trial today, and check it out for yourself. Implement these tactics the next time you post on Instagram and watch your engagement rate skyrocket.

English Essay Writing

English Essay Writing English Essay Writing English Essay Writing Writing an essay is not an easy work. The success of your work depends on the topic and the type of the college essay. Critical, expository, argumentative are definitely the most difficult ones. Narrative essay, for example, is easier to write, because this type of English essay is like a story telling. You can write whatever you want in such essay. English essay writing requires ability to think and analyze information. Essay topics are usually proposed by the teacher, but if you have such an opportunity to make your own choice, select the one you like the most. However, be sure you would be able to present the topic in a good way. Here is an essay example on the 'Benefits of the plastic surgery'. (Introduction) Nowadays plastic surgery is widely used in the modern world.   (Thesis) The great thing about plastic surgery is that the benefits can be both physical and emotional, external and internal. The physical benefits of plastic surgery are, though, multi-faceted. (Body paragraph) The first thing that many people notice after plastic surgery is that their bodies seem more proportional or balanced. Whether a person prefers to have surgery on their face, hips, breasts or things, the aim is to sculpt the body in a way that looks natural. The result often allows people to look more like they feel like they should look. (Argumentation) This may sound strange, however a nose that is too large for a particular person's face or a bust that is too large or too small can blur all of this person's other features making them seem disproportionate. Surgeons aim to correct this by taking individual's body into consideration before deciding on a desired result. The physical result of plastic surgery often produces a healthier look and people who undergo surgery report that healthier look permeate their entire lifestyle. People who have surgeries like liposuction and breast reduction usually feel that their new bodies allow them to participate in physical activities that they wouldn't have considered before surgery. Plastic surgery can open new doors to people who are scared to take on activity like swimming and aerobics because of the lack of the clothing involved and the way they felt that they would be looked at by other people. (Conclusion) Whether a person chooses to undergo plastic surgery to improve his/her lifestyle or to improve his/her look, there will always be emotional benefits and a person finally becomes enabled to feel comfortable in their body. Many people find that they are more outgoing, personable and confident when they become accustomed to their transformation and this can be a benefit that lasts a lifetime. We hope this example of the English essay writing helps you to understand the structure of the academic essay writing. Try to select interesting topic and attract your reader's attention while writing English essay. A good college essay requires good skills of argumentation. While writing an essay make a plan, think about examples. You should present your point of view in an essay. Ordering custom essay writing assistance at .Com, you receive 100% plagiarism free essay written in accordance to the instruction you provide.   We are never later with delivery, and we always pay attention to your needs and requirements.

Equations of Motion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Equations of Motion - Essay Example For any vibration to occur, a restoring force must be in existence. In this respect, a restoring force is identified in a pendulum. The restoring force is applied by the springs as long as Hooke’s law is observed. The restoring force, therefore, is proportional to the extension (e) with the constant (K) as the spring constant. That is force is equal to the extension times the spring constant (f=k e). The number of oscillations per unit time is equal to the frequency. Frequency is measured in units referred to as hertz (Hz). The motion of a simple pendulum is one of the phenomena that can be used to approximate the simple harmonic motion. The motion is sinusoidal and is a demonstration of resonant frequency that is single (Dunwoody, H. 2000). A pendulum is a simple set up in which a string is attached to a small bob. The string is clamped, and when it is displaced, it swings in a to and fro motion. The time that would be taken to complete one oscillation is referred to as perio dic time (T). The periodic time depends on the length of the pendulum and the acceleration due to gravity (g). That is T=2?v (l/g) Where l is the length of the pendulum whereas g is the acceleration due to gravity (g). When a body is vibrating, its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy (Dunwoody, H. 2000). ... This paper explores an experiment of simple harmonic motion by studying a pendulum (Grant, R., 2005). The hypothesis of this experiment is that increasing the length of the pendulum shall increase the periodic time (T) of a simple pendulum. Method Apparatus The instruments and apparatus that were used in this experiment included the simple pendulum, stop watch, meter rule, and protractor. Procedure. The simple pendulum was set up. The setup was made up of three regions. The centre was the pendulum. The length of the pendulum was chosen for the pendulum by using the slider on the left side of the screen. This value was recorded in the data table. The amplitude was raised to about 20 degrees. This value was equally recorded in the data table. The start animation button was clicked, and when the pendulum passed its lowest point, the timer was started. The time taken for the pendulum to complete 10 cycles was taken, and the timer stopped as the pendulum passed through the lowest point on ce again. This time was recorded in the data table. The mass of bob and the amplitude were kept constant. The length of the pendulum was varied and the period of oscillation determined for certain pendulum length. A series of the values for the period were determined through a number of trials. The length of the pendulum was varied so as to determine whether the period of oscillation depends on the length of the pendulum cord. About four trials were done using the same amplitude but changing the pendulum lengths. The results obtained were used to plot a graph of period versus the length and graph of period against the square root of the length. Results. Table 1: A table showing the data collected. Trial Length (m) L2 (m2) Time for 10 oscillations (s) S2

Dangers of tetracycline and Treating gum disease Essay

Dangers of tetracycline and Treating gum disease - Essay Example Tetracycline is also known to cause teeth staining when the first teeth of the baby erupts (Tetracyclines). Delivery of therapeutic agent in an appropriate manner is highly imperative in the treatment of disease condition. Dental disease treatment especially the condition of periodontal disease is troublesome for the patient. Therapeutic agents such as tetracycline is used to treat periodontal disease condition. The delivery of drug is done using an agent called ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, which is a polymeric matrix. The drug tetracycline is delivered using this polymeric matrix. One of the advantage of this method of delivery is that it provides a constant therapy to the site of infection. However, the disadvantage of the therapeutic method is that it results in discoloration of teeth (yellow or brown or grey) or stunted bones in children (Intra-pocket drug delivery devices for treatment of periodontal

Creating False Memories Essay Example for Free

Creating False Memories Essay The brain works in odd ways. The article entitled â€Å"Creating False Memories†, by Elizabeth F. Loftus, is an article about just that. The studies included in the article are proof that the brain can twist certain memories in order to fit them to a suggestion made by someone else; or a suggestion can create entire false memories. Some people are more susceptible than others to â€Å"remember† a false memory when a suggestion is made, but it is likely that anyone could â€Å"remember† a false memory. The article seemed to point out that older memories that would be less clear to begin with, such as childhood memories, are easier for suggestions to twist than a memory that happened in recent years. While reading the section subtitled â€Å"Imagination Inflation†, it became obvious that even one that was reading the article, if one took the example suggestions given in the article, then it would be incredibly tempting to remember things that were imagined. One would realize that it was only imagination at work, but if asked a few days later what was remembered about it, it would be easy to believe that it was a real memory. How can one truly distinguish between memory and imagination? Then again, is the memory of an act of imagination not a true memory in itself? There are many ways that one could be confused on this subject, because technically, memories of imagined things can be true memories. Memory and imagination are so closely related that it would be very difficult to tell the difference between the two. What was especially incredible about this article was the section subtitled â€Å"Impossible Memories. † Individuals actually remembered aspects from their second day of life, even though this is medically impossible. It is common knowledge that people cannot begin to form memories that would be remembered into adulthood until the age of two or three. Yet, given a suggestion, people will just run with it. It could be the â€Å"imagination inflation† theory at work, and it probably is. Many people are influenced daily about what happens when children are born or how children are taken care of in a hospital right after birth. People hear stories, see the scenario in television and film, and perhaps have been there when a sibling was born. However, can certain people actually remember their births or shortly thereafter? After all, there are exceptions to every rule. This article made for fascinating reading. The studies used are impressive and it makes sense. It is hard to believe that psychiatrists can, either knowingly or unknowingly, give their patients suggestions in order to create false memories. How many people are really aware of what others say to them or how it might affect them? The article is compelling and it makes one think twice about how their brain works. It makes one think about how many of the â€Å"memories† one believes are true memories from childhood are actually true memories or false memories. Where childhood is concerned, most individuals have to rely on parents or relatives to relay stories, but what if those memories are inaccurate? This is the point of the article. The human brain is so complicated and delicate that if one is not careful who knows what kind of damage can be done. Loftus, Elizabeth F. â€Å"Creating False Memories. † Scientific American. 277. 3 (September 1997): 70-75.

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

Dear Mr. Anthony Hopkins Thank you for accepting the role of the inspector in my production of J B Priestley’s play ‘An inspector calls’. The play is set in the early 1912 before the First World War in a time when there was a relative period of economic and social stability. The play is set in a fictous North Midlands industrial city of Brumley. The play is about a family, the Birlings who are celebrating their daughter’s engagement to a young man called Gerald Croft whose family also own a business or factory similar to that of the Birling family business. Gerald Croft and all the members in the Birling family which include Arthur and Sybil Birling (the parents), Eric Birling (their son) and their daughter Sheila Birling who is engaged with Gerald Croft are all sat round at the their dining table having a dinner party to celebrate the fact that Sheila and Gerald are both engaged. Just after Mr.Birling has completed his pompous speech, there dinner party is interrupted by the arrival of Inspector Goole, who announces that he is making enquiries about a young woman called Eva Smith who has committed suicide by swallowing disinfectant. The Inspector first shows Mr Birling a picture of Eva Smith that Mr Birling recognises straight away because Eva Smith use to work in Mr.Birling’s factory, but was sacked because she was one of the ringleaders of a strike that was demanding a pay rise. Mr Birling tries to talk the Inspector in to leaving them alone by making threats to him and trying to impress him with his high social status. The Inspector is still determined to interrogate all of them hinting to them that they are all connected to Eva Smith’s death. He talks to Sheila next telling her that Eva Smith use to work at a big well known shop called Millward but lost her job due to a complaint that was made by a jealous and petty-minded customer, that customer was Sheila who now feels very guilty about Eva Smith’s death. We now also find that Gerald was also involved with Eva Smith, who at that time went by the name Daisy Renton. Gerald had had an affair with Daisy Renton (alias Eva Smith) the previous summer; she was his mistress until it no more suited him. Sheila admires Gerald for his honesty but doesn’t seem to keen on continuing her relationship with Gerald, Gerald d leaves the house to go for a walk. Mrs Birling is then also found to be responsible for Eva Smith’s death since Mrs. Birling refused to help Eva Smith through the Brumley J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature Dear Mr. Anthony Hopkins Thank you for accepting the role of the inspector in my production of J B Priestley’s play ‘An inspector calls’. The play is set in the early 1912 before the First World War in a time when there was a relative period of economic and social stability. The play is set in a fictous North Midlands industrial city of Brumley. The play is about a family, the Birlings who are celebrating their daughter’s engagement to a young man called Gerald Croft whose family also own a business or factory similar to that of the Birling family business. Gerald Croft and all the members in the Birling family which include Arthur and Sybil Birling (the parents), Eric Birling (their son) and their daughter Sheila Birling who is engaged with Gerald Croft are all sat round at the their dining table having a dinner party to celebrate the fact that Sheila and Gerald are both engaged. Just after Mr.Birling has completed his pompous speech, there dinner party is interrupted by the arrival of Inspector Goole, who announces that he is making enquiries about a young woman called Eva Smith who has committed suicide by swallowing disinfectant. The Inspector first shows Mr Birling a picture of Eva Smith that Mr Birling recognises straight away because Eva Smith use to work in Mr.Birling’s factory, but was sacked because she was one of the ringleaders of a strike that was demanding a pay rise. Mr Birling tries to talk the Inspector in to leaving them alone by making threats to him and trying to impress him with his high social status. The Inspector is still determined to interrogate all of them hinting to them that they are all connected to Eva Smith’s death. He talks to Sheila next telling her that Eva Smith use to work at a big well known shop called Millward but lost her job due to a complaint that was made by a jealous and petty-minded customer, that customer was Sheila who now feels very guilty about Eva Smith’s death. We now also find that Gerald was also involved with Eva Smith, who at that time went by the name Daisy Renton. Gerald had had an affair with Daisy Renton (alias Eva Smith) the previous summer; she was his mistress until it no more suited him. Sheila admires Gerald for his honesty but doesn’t seem to keen on continuing her relationship with Gerald, Gerald d leaves the house to go for a walk. Mrs Birling is then also found to be responsible for Eva Smith’s death since Mrs. Birling refused to help Eva Smith through the Brumley

Philosophy Essay

Fundamentally the term philosophy is the study of different natural phenomena that exists like knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, numerous languages. Anthony Quinton a well known author of his time declared it as thinking about thinking. It is quite dissimilar than mysticism or mythology that are also ways of addressing numerous dissimilar questions. This term has a particular definite meaning as this word is an origin from ancient Greek times and it means ‘Love of wisdom‘. In addition with this it is also segmented into numerous different branches like Metaphysics, Epistemology, Political Philosophy, Logic, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of language and several more This branch of philosophy is fundamentally used to study the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental properties, consciousness and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain. Several well known scientists work on this segment of philosophy and gave there numerous theories as well as applications on this but still the relationship of the mind to the body, is commonly seen as the central issue in philosophy of mind. It was also explored that there are other issues too regarding relations with physical body that have to be resolved. According to research it was discovered that chronological mapping of the brain was the initial attempt, which correlates mental functionalities with different segments of brain. Many of us have a thought that the main defining characteristic of a person is either the person has consciousness, mind or soul. Not only this it was also a fact that almost all of us exactly know consciousness, but still there are several problem regarding this as having awareness of consciousness is not the end until we know what consciousness is. Several philosophers gave their thoughts and works in this field to resolve all issues of philosophy of mind. In 427 BC Plato one of the well-known and prominent philosopher of his time share his though and declare the fact that fundamentally what we are is our real soul, and that our real soul will survive after death, and after our death this soul will be release form our body. Similarly in 384BC Aristotle reveal the fact that soul and body are basically related with each other, in addition with this he also explore the point that our soul is not a part of other substance but it is directly related with our body as or material substance, of which the body is made. Beside this Aristotle once said, If an axe had a soul, its soul would be cutting. Furthermore in year 1825 T.H. Huxley gave his views regarding philosophy of mind. As according to him our mind is a product of brain. Not only this he also gave samples to prove his words as he states† if I think that I want some chocolate, this may be because my stomach is sending messages to the brain because my blood sugar level is low†. In addition with this he also explore that this term consciousness didn’t have any sort of power to cause anything, all such situations are reflection of biology as according to him till the time body is alive and is in working position but when body dies, mind will stop its functionalities and dies with it. Several philosopher work in this particular area to resolve mind-body problem, they define the fact that through which techniques and approaches a supposedly non-material mind can influence a material body and vice-versa. Besides philosopher also concerned this particular point that how someone’s propositional attitudes could become the result of that individual’s neurons to fire not only this how his muscles also contract in exactly the accurate behavior as well. â€Å"The diversity of our opinions does not arise from the fact that some people are more reasonable than others, but solely from the fact that we we lead our thoughts along different paths and do not take the same things in consideration.† To resolve above mentioned issues Dualism and monism are explored and declared as the significant thoughts to resolve all such problems of mind and body. Dualism if basically defined as a position in which both mind and body lie down in some categorical way which would separate them from each other. Not only this Dualism is also segmented into three parts as well. Similarly Monism is also a declared as a particular stage where both mind and body are not ontologically distinct kinds of entities. Furthermore many other related things are also completed and different techniques are also designed by philosopher to solve all such issues of mind and body. As the father of modern philosophy Descartes in year 1596 uses his famous writing â€Å"method of doubt† to explain the fact that he has no doubt on the existence of his mind. After Descartes master piece writing various more photosphere also contributes in this field and still many of the issues of mind-body problem are not resolved, and these philosopher are looking forward to solve all such issues and gave a clear concept of how this part of body actually works and what is the fundamental relationship of mind and body.

Global Citizenship †Towards a Definition

Global Citizenship – Towards a Definition Taso G. Lagos Copyright protected under Taso G. Lagos. Permission to cite should be directed to the author. Abstract: Global protest activity is on the rise. Demonstrations in Seattle in 1999, Genoa in 2001 and in dozens of other sites brought activists together from around the world and localized global issues in unprecedented ways. These and other activities suggest the possibility of an emerging global citizenry. Individuals from a wide variety of nations, both in the North and South, move across boundaries for different activities and reasons.This transnational activity is facilitated by the growing ease of travel and by communication fostered by the Internet and telephony. While it is hard to quantify these numbers, or to give global citizens a legally defined political status, these qualifications do not obviate the existence and influence of transnational activists seeking new institutional forms in an interdependent world. We e xamine global citizens as active political, social, environmental or economic agents in an interdependent world in which new institutional forms beyond nations are beginning to emerge.Introduction: By itself, citizenship has certain legal and democratic overtones. Conceptually, it is wrapped up in rights and obligations, and in owing allegiance to a sovereign state whose power is retained by the citizenry but with rights that are shared by all members of that state. We distinguish â€Å"citizen† from â€Å"national† or â€Å"subject,† the latter two implying protection of a state. Citizenship, as it has come down to us via the ancient Greeks and Romans, via the Enlightenment, and the American and French Revolutions, is tied into the emergence of members of a polity with specified privileges and duties.To speak of a â€Å"citizen† is thus to speak of individuals with distinct relationships to the state, along with the social status and power these relation ships imply. The lift the citizen concept into the global sphere presents difficulties, not least of which is that global citizens are not legal members in good standing with a sovereign state. More importantly, there are no recognizable privileges and duties associated with the concept that would envelop global citizenship with the status and power (in an ideal world) currently associated with national citizenship.Since modern nation-states are the repositories and main expression of citizenship, discussion of global citizenship necessarily dictates an existence outside the body politic as we know it. If we follow Preston’s (1997) model of citizenship (â€Å"who belongs to the polity, how the members of the polity in general are regarded and how they exercise power†), then global citizenship cannot be expressed in any legal sense. It is, however, expressed in other ways that may have a significant and profound impact on the development of civic engagement and citizen- state relations.Three examples are worth mentioning. Since January 1, 2000, negotiations amongst WTO member states regarding the movement of professionals to and from member countries has taken place, under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, Article XIX. While this does not signal de facto recognition of trans-national citizens, it may indicate halting steps toward it. This is all the more significant given that around the globe there is greater and easier movement of goods than human beings.The European Community has taken halting steps to change this: it allows the free movement of its peoples to live, work, pay taxes and, significantly, to vote in other member states. Habermas (1994) notes this as a utilitarian model that may have greater implications than merely for Europeans; it is possible the model may be expanded in other regions of the world, or to the entire world itself. The ability of a Spaniard to pick up and move to Germany and be a â€Å"citizen† there indicates that notions of ties a country of origin may weaken.The Spaniard may be quite happy living in Germany and not wish to go back to Spain. Is she still a Spaniard, a German, or now a global citizen? Finally, there is the rising tide of individuals with more than one passport. Where once the U. S. State Department frowned on its citizens carrying more than one passport, the reality is that today that it is turning a blind eye. (In war, this may change). Many immigrants to the U. S. in the 1990s, a decade that saw the largest influx of newcomers to the state, came to work but still retained their old passports.While many immigrants permanently stay in the U. S. , many others either go back to the old country, or travel back and forth. If not global citizens, what label do we give them? T. H. Marshall (1949), in his classic study on citizenship, noted that citizenship as it arose in Western liberal democracies has both positive and negative connotations. In the positive sense, citizenship is an expression of activism on the part of citizens; in its negative quality, it is the freedom from bureaucratic control and intervention.If his theory is true, where does global citizenship fit into it? Very nicely it would seem. A visible expression of global citizenship is the many global activists who debuted spectacularly at the Battle in Seattle. These protestors continue to carry on in other venues, such as at meetings for the World Bank and the IMF, and most recently at the Summit of the Americas in Quebec City. Other activists fight for environmental protection, human rights to the impoverished and the unrepresented, and for restrictions on the use of nuclear power and nuclear weapons.Freedom from bureaucratic intervention seems to be a hallmark of global citizenship; the lack of a world body to sanction and protect these citizens also means to a certain degree freedom from bureaucratic control. To return to our Spaniard, how much control does Spain exercise o ver her when she lives in Germany? Towards a Definition: Since global citizens are not recognized legally, their existence may be best represented as â€Å"associatively. † 1. Global citizenship is less defined by legal sanction than by â€Å"associational† status that is different from national citizenship.Since there is no global bureaucracy to give sanction and protect global citizens, and despite intriguing models suggested by the EU, global citizenship remains the purview of individuals to live, work and play within trans-national norms and status that defy national boundaries and sovereignty. Assocational status in this realm does double duty. It serves to explain a unique characteristic of global citizenship while it also expresses that particular lighthouse of post-modernity known as â€Å"lifestyle politics. (Giddens, 1991, Bennett, 2000, et al) Steenbergen (1994) so far comes closest to explaining this relationship between global citizenry and lifestyle poli tics as more â€Å"sociological† in composition. Rather than a technical definition of a citizen â€Å"on his or her relationship to the state (p. 2), Steenbergen suggests that the global citizen represents a more wholistic version: you choose where you work, live or play, and therefore are not tied down to your land of birth. The greater number of choices offered by modern life (from consumer roducts to politics) lies at the root of lifestyle politics. (Franck, 1999) As Falk (1994) put it, in global citizenship there is the rudimentary institutional construction of arenas and allegiance — what many persons are really identifying with– as no longer bounded by or centred upon the formal relationship that an individual has to his or her own territorial society as embodied in the form of a state. Traditional citizenship is being challenged and remoulded by the important activism associated with this trans-national political and social evolution. 1994: 138) Traditi onal ties between citizen and the state are withering, and are replaced by more fragmented loyalties that explain lifestyle politics. Notions of ties between citizen and state that arose in the aftermath of the American and French Revolution, and the creation of the modern state after the 18th century no longer hold sway. It is not by coincidence, for example, that the first to receive the enfranchisement were adult males who also happened to serve in American and French armies. (Kaspersen, 1998) The citizen army today is replaced by the professional army, and a central cog in the bonds between state and citizen removed.Voting turnout decreases, and the public has low regard for politicians. With such loose ties between citizen and state, does the emergence of global citizenship seem farfetched? Many of newly emerging global citizens are actively engaged in global efforts – whether in business ventures, environmentalism, concern for nuclear weapons, health or immigration prob lems. Rather than citizenship, being the result of rights and obligations granted by a central authority, the lack of such authority gives primacy to the global citizens themselves: not a top-down but a down-up scenario. . While various types of global citizens exist, a common thread to their emergence is their base in grassroots activism. We may identify different types of global citizens, yet many of these categories are best summarized by their emergence despite a lack of any global governing body. It is as if they have spontaneously erupted of their own volition. Falk (1994) identified five categories of global citizens which he named as, †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ global reformers elite global business people global environmental managers politically conscious regionalists trans-national activistsWith the exception of global business people, the other categories have grassroots activism at their core. i If the Battle in Seattle is an applicable demonstration, these activists are responsible for their own activism rather than â€Å"granted† by an institution. This earmarks global citizenship as qualitatively different from the national variety, where rights and obligations came (even when fought and protested for) at the behest and generosity of the state. With global citizenship, individuals exercise communicational and organizational tools such as the Internet to make themselves global citizens.No government sanctioned this development. None, it seems, could. Jacobson (1996) noted this fracture of the state as dispenser of citizen rights and obligations, although he sees the decline of overall citizenship as a result. Keck and Sikkink (1998) on the other hand, regard such global activism as a possible new engine of civic engagement. These global activists, or â€Å"cosmopolitan community of individuals† (p. 213) as they call them, transcend national borders and skillfully use pressure tactics against both government and private corporations that make them viable actors on the merging global public sphere. A striking example of this pressure is the well-publicized anti-sweatshop campaign against Nike. Literally dozens of websites are devoted to exposing Nike’s labor practices in manufacturing shoes in overseas factories. In 1996, with the aid of Global Exchange, a humanitarian organization that later helped to organize the Battle in Seattle, Nike’s labor practices became the subject of increasing mainstream media attention. In the process, Nike was linked to sweatshop labor, a label it has tried to shed ever since.Is the Internet central in the development of these emerging global activists? The Internet and other technologies such as the cell phone play an instrumental role in the development of global activists, as do easy and cheap air travel and the wide use and acceptance of credit cards. But there are other forces at work: decline in civic engagement, rise of lifestyle politics, homogen ization of products, conglomeration in media systems and communicational tools that let us know more about each other than ever before.Add to the mix the rising concern for universal human rights and for trans-global problems such as environmental degradation and global warming, the result is a landscape that tends to be more global than national. This is not the first time in the history of our civilization that society has been â€Å"internationalized,† but never has it been easier for average citizen to express herself in this globalized fashion – by the clothes she wears, soda she drinks, music she listens to (e. g. â€Å"world music†) and vacation land she visits.It is increasingly obvious that our identities, as Lie and Servaes (2000) and Scammell (2001) suggest, are tied to our roles as citizens. Scammell’s â€Å"citizen-consumers† vote with their purchases and are engaged in their communities to the extent they have the freedom to shop. Eng agement, in this modern sense, is as audience members at a play clapping at the high points of drama. Can we say this is true of global citizenship? The evidence is scanty to make such judgment; if global activists are replaced by global citizens-consumers the sea change will be complete. 3. Global citizens may redefine ties between civic engagement and geography.The town hall meetings of New England and other regions of the U. S. seem increasingly supplanted by â€Å"electronic spheres† not limited by space and time. This heralds a potentially startling new mechanism in participatory democracy. If we return to the Spaniard living in Germany, what can we say about the geography of community? An output of modernity is greater and greater choice placed upon the individual; the social networks and systems that suited hundreds if not thousands of generations are breaking down in favor of personal choice and individual responsibility.No longer do we entirely rely on the social bul warks of the past: the family, the community, the nation. Life is continually being â€Å"personalized. † Can the Spaniard still be called one while living in Germany? Absentee ballots opened up the way for expatriates to vote while living in another country. The Internet may carry this several steps further. Voting is not limited by time or space: you can be anywhere in the world and still make voting decisions back home. Most of our nation’s history has been bound up in equating geography with sovereignty. It did matter where you lived, worked, played.Since travel was expensive and cumbersome, our lives were tied to geography. No longer can we entirely make this claim. Thompson (1996), writing in the Stanford Law Review, suggests that we can do away with residency and voting in local elections. Frug (1996) even suggests that alienation in the way we regard our geography already creates a disconnect between it and sovereignty. If we are not entirely â€Å"home† at home, do boundaries make any difference anymore? This is not just an academic question, but one rife with rich and disheartening social and political possibilities. Global citizens float within, outside and through these boundaries.The implications seem significant. Many elements seem to spawn global citizenship, but one is noteworthy in this discussion: the continuous tension that globalization has unleashed between various forces local, national and global. An interesting paradox of globalization is while the world is being internationalized at the same time it’s also being localized. The world shrinks as the local community (village, town, city) takes on greater and greater importance. Mosco (1999) noted this feature and saw the growing importance of â€Å"technopoles,† or high-technologized city-states that hark back to classical Greece.If this trend is true, and I believe it is, then it seems global citizens are the glue that may hold these separate entities t ogether. Put another way, global citizens are people that can travel within these various layers or boundaries and somehow still make sense of the world. 4. Any rights and obligations accorded to the global citizen come from the citizens themselves, growing public favor for â€Å"universal rights,† the rise of people migrating around the world, and an increasing tendency to standardize citizenship.Difference may exist on the cultural level, but in bureaucracies, increasing favor is placed on uniformity. Efficiency and utilitarianism lie at the core of capitalism; naturally a world that lives under its aegis replicates these tendencies. Postal agreements, civil air travel and other inter-governmental agreements are but one small example of standardization that is increasingly moving into the arena of citizenship. The concern is raised that global citizenship may be closer to a â€Å"consumer† model than a legal one. The lack of a world body puts the initiative upon glob al citizens themselves to create rights nd obligations. Rights and obligations as they arose at the formation of nation-states (e. g. the right to vote and obligation to serve in time of war) are at the verge of being expanded. So new concepts that accord certain â€Å"human rights† which arose in the 20th century are increasingly being universalized across nations and governments. This is the result of many factors, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations in 1948, the aftermath of World War II and the Holocaust and growing sentiments towards legitimizing marginalized peoples (e. . pre-industrialized peoples found in the jungles of Brazil and Borneo). Couple this with growing awareness of our species’ impact on the environment, and there is the rising feeling that citizen rights may extend to include the right to dignity and self-determination. If national citizenship does not foster these new rights, then global citizenship seems more accessible to them. One cannot overestimate the importance of the rise of human rights discourse within the radar of public opinion. What are the rights and obligations of human beings trapped in conflicts?Or, incarcerated as part of â€Å"ethnic cleansing? † Equally striking, are the pre-industrialized tribes newly discovered by scientists living in the depths of dense jungle? Leary (1999), Heater (1999) and Babcock (1994) tend to equate these rights with the rise of global citizenship as normative associations, indicating a national citizenship model that is more closed and a global citizenship one that is more flexible and inclusive. If true, this places a strain in the relationship between national and global citizenship.Boli (1998) tends to see this strain as mutually beneficial, whereas Leary (1999) and McNeely (1998) regard the rupture between the two systems as merely evolutionary rather than combative. Like much of social change, changing scopes of modern citizenshi p tend to be played out in both large and minute spheres. Habermas (1994) tends to place global citizenship in a larger, social context, arguing that nation-states can be central engines of citizenship but culture can also be a powerful spurt.He regards the formation of the â€Å"European citizen† as a kind of natural epiphany of governmental conglomeration within the forces of globalization, only remotely alluding to the corporate conglomeration that has been both the recipient and cause of worldwide economic expansion. Others, including Iyer (2000) see globalization and global citizens as direct descendents of global standardization, which he notes, for instance, in the growing homogeneity of airports. Standardization and modernity have worked together for the past few centuries.Ellul (1964), Mumford (1963) and other scholars attack this as a form of oppression, in the same vein that Barber (1996) saw the proliferation of carbon-copy fast-food chains around the globe. Why n ot a set of basic citizen rights followed the world over? 5. Global citizenship may be the indirect result of Pax Americana. The 20th century, as well as the 21st, may be a time dominated by the United States. America’s domination of the WTO, IMF, World Bank and other global institutions creates feelings of imperialism among lesser nations.Cross national cooperation to counter American dominance may result in more global citizens. If economic, environmental, political and social factors push towards more global citizenry, we must also within this camp consider the ramifications of the post cold war world, or realpolitik. Modifying Marshall’s metaphor, we may ask if global citizenship is not a response to the changing factors and response against American domination? In the corporate world, conglomeration leads to larger and larger companies who merge to effectively work against other mega corporations. The evolution of the â€Å"UnitedStates of Europe† (in theor y if not in practice) is in a similar vein; a reaction to the dominating power of the U. S. Other regional alliances may yet emerge. Within such trans-national ties may emerge greater acceptance of one another’s citizens, emulating the European model which Habermas, Bellamy (2000), and others so favor. These alliances may provide the bureaucratic backbone to make global citizenry about more than just lifestyles or personal politics. This development would also change the definition of national citizenry; global citizens may come to favor their status over those who have no such designation.Worse, there may emerge two tracks of citizenship: national and global, with the latter being more prestigious. Along with greater separation between rich and poor, educated and not, there would also be those relegated to living out their entire lives in one land, compared to those who freely travel to many. The darker aspects of this are not hard to miss. Clarke’s (1996) contention that citizenship tends to be more exclusive than inclusive would be borne out. Rather than McNeely’s (1998) flexible citizenship, or Preston’s (1997) multiple loyalty model, we get two separate tracks of citizenship that respond to prestige, wealth and power.Global citizens may be so favored that nations fight to attract them to their land, similar to today’s fight for corporate sites. Conclusion: To concretize what appears an amorphous concept – global citizenship – presents dangers, not least of which is the tendency towards speculation. Spending some time at an airport, especially one of the many airline frequent flyer lounges, reveals that global citizens exist and are a growing number. Within my own Greek immigrant community in Seattle, for example, there are several Greeks who split the year living between Greece and the U.S. I am hard pressed to call them either Greeks or Americans, since they do not fit neatly into either category (not that most ever do). Higher living standards than ever before in civilization’s history allow these dualities to exist. Increasingly, we put them into the camp of global citizenship. Capitalism, and the consumeristic child it has spawned, is particularly good at offering choices, and global citizenship may simply be another facet of this tendency, or what Bennett (unpublished, 2001) and other allude to as lifestyle politics.Any discussion on global citizenship thus must take into account the changing political climate of a globalized world. Scholars have already noted the emerging power struggle between corporations and global activists who increasingly see the nexus of de facto governance taking place more and more within the corporate world (and as mediated by communication technologies like the Internet) and not in the halls of representative government. Hence, the tendency on the part of activists to promote rallies and events like the protests at WTO, as more effective means of citizen participation and democratic accountability.The rise of security concerns as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11 have curiously both grown the importance of national states as well fostered more internationalism. U. S. President George W. Bush who during his election had difficulty remembering the names of heads of states has suddenly transformed into an internationalist with deep concerns for the affairs of other states. While this may be a temporary event with political overtones, the events of 9/11 suggest that the world has become more international than ever before.Whether global citizenship will follow in its wake is problematical. It is simply too early to tell. The role that global citizenship plays in this changing political landscape is a murky one. Yet the fact that there is a growing body of global citizens and their influence is increasingly felt on the world’s political stage indicates the need to observe and study these individuals in e arnest. The attempt to begin developing a definition of global citizenship is a small step towards understanding their presence and influence better. iA case can be made to add academics, sports and artists in categories, but I shy away from this since their overall numbers tend to be small, if not limited. The world it seems can only support so many traveling artists and sport stars, and so a ceiling may be placed on their populations. Also, some concern is raised here regarding other globalists, such as those working for the UN, for example, but again, I tend to shy away from their categorization since their numbers can never expand beyond a limited population (given the resources of the organization, etc. . But with Falk’s categories, in theory, their numbers are limitless and therefore more tenable to categorize. Bibliography Babcock, Rainer, Transnational Citizenship (1994: Edward Elgar, Aldershot, England) Bauman, Zygmunt, Intimations of Postmodernity (1992: Routledge, London) Bellamy, Richard, â€Å"Citizenship beyond the nation state: the case of Europe,† from Political Theory in Transition, edited by Noel O’Sullivan (2000: Routledge, London) Bennett, W.Lance, News: the Politics of Illusion (1996: Longman, New York) Bennett, W. Lance, â€Å"Consumerism and Global Citizenship: Lifestyle Politics, Permanent Campaigns, and International Regimes of Democratic Accountability. † Unpublished paper presented at the International Seminar on Political Consumerism, Stockholm University, May 30, 2001.Best, Steven & Kellner, Douglas, The Postmodern Turn (1997: Guilford Press, New York) Boli, John, â€Å"Rights and Rules: Constituting World Citizens† in Public Rights, Public Rules: Constituting Citizens in the World Polity and National Policy, edited by Connie L McNeely (1998: Garland, New York) Clarke, Paul Berry, Deep Citizenship ( 1996: Pluto Press, London) Eriksen, Erik & Weigard, Jarle, â€Å"The End of Citizenship: New Roles Challenging the Political Order† in The Demands of CitizenshipI, edited by Catriona McKinnon & Iain Hampsher-Monk (2000: Continuum, London) Falk, Richard, â€Å"The Making of Global Citizenship† in The Condition of Citizenship, edited by Bart van Steenbergen (1994: Sage Publications, London) Franck, Thomas M. , The Empowered Self: Law and Society in the Age of Individualism (1999: Oxford University Press, Oxford)) Habermas, Jurgen, â€Å"Citizenship and National Identity† in The Condition of Citizenship, edited by Bart van Steenbergen (1994: Sage Publications, London) Heater, Derek, What is Citizenship? (1999: Polity Press, Cambridge, England) Henderson, Hazel, â€Å"Transnational Corporations and Global Citizenship,† American Behavioral Scientist, 43(8), May 2000, 1231-1261. Iyer, Pico, The Global Soul (2000: Alfred A. Knopf, New York).Jacobson, David, Rights across Borders: Immigration and the Decline of Citizenship (1996: Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore) Lie, Rico & Servaes, Jan, â€Å"Globalization: consumption and identity – towards researching nodal points,† in The New Communications Landscape, edited by Georgette Wang, Jan Servaes and Anura Goonasekera (2000: Routledge, London) Kaspersen, Lars Bo, â€Å"State and Citizenship Under Transformation in Western Europe† in Public Rights, Public Rules: Constituting Citizens in the World Polity and National Policy, edited by Connie L. McNeely (1998: Garland, New York) Keck, Margaret E. & Sikkink, Kathryn, Activists Beyond Borders (1998: Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York) Kennedy, John F. Profiles in Courage (1956: Harper & Brothers, New York) Leary, Virginia, â€Å"Citizenship, Human Rights, and Diversity,† in Citizenship, Diversity, and Pluralism, edited by Alan C. Cairns, John C. Courtney, Peter MacKinnon, Hans J. Michelmann, & David E. Smith (1999: McGill-Queens’ University Press, Montreal) McNeely, Connie L. , â€Å"Constitut ing Citizens: Rights and Rules† in Public Rights, Public Rules: Constituting Citizens in the World Polity and National Policy, edited by Connie L. McNeely (1998: Garland, New York) Mosco, Vincent, â€Å"Citizenship and Technopoles,† from Communication, Citizenship, and Social Policy (1999: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, England) Preston, P. W. Political/Cultural Identity: Citizens and Nations in a Global Era (1997: Sage, London) Scammell, Margarett, â€Å"Internet and civic engagement: Age of the citizen-consumer† found at http://jsis. artsci. washington. edu/programs/cwesuw/scammell. htm Steenbergen, Bart van, â€Å"The Condition of Citizenship† in The Condition of Citizenship, edited by Bart van Steenbergen (1994: Sage Publications, London) Turner, Bryan D. , â€Å"Postmodern Culture/Modern Citizens† in The Condition of Citizenship, edited by Bart van Steenbergen (1994: Sage Publications, London) Weale, Albert, â€Å"Citizenship Beyond Borders† in The Frontiers of Citizenship, edited by Ursula Vogel & Michael Moran (1991: St. Martin’s Press, New York)

Government Involvement in the Economy Essay Example

Government Involvement in the Economy Essay Example Government Involvement in the Economy Essay Government Involvement in the Economy Essay Government Involvement in the Economy In the capitalistic society in the United States, Government plays many roles in the economy. Government has been regulating, overseeing, and providing many services in the economy since the inception of our nation. Modern day government has had an increasing presence in the American market as it has gotten larger and more complex. It has become necessary for government to interject its involvement into the economic system to maintain the sustainability of the economy. The fact is, capitalism cannot and will not regulate, enforce, or provide all the necessary goods and services that consumer need. Government is needed to regulate corporations, provide public services infrastructure, and protect the rights of the consumer. Government involvement is a quintessential factor for the success and growth of a capitalistic economy. Although some economists and businessmen believe that the economy should be allowed to move freely based on the laws of supply and demand without government intervention, government involvement is necessary to ensure a competitive market and help prevent market failure. Ever since the Clayton Anti-trust Act was passed in 1890, government has regulated and broken apart monopolistic businesses. Since businesses are constantly moving towards a monopoly or oligopoly, government regulators must be increasingly vigilant in regulating monopolistic businesses to prevent a non-competitive market. If the government did not regulate businesses to prevent monopolies, then those corporations would become too politically powerful, decrease total output, and increase their prices. An example of the harmful effects a monopoly can have on politics is when a monopolistic company threatens to raise the price of a good or service that is important to the government in order to bring about a desirable result. Another reason government must stop monopolistic companies is because they artificially raise their prices in order to create a shortage. Once an economic situation occurs where demand for goods greatly exceed the supply; the company can sell as much as they want at a given price, they have an incentive to raise their price, and consumers can never get as much as they want at that price. : Government must also prevent harmful business practices in order to help avert market failures. For example, the 2008 global financial crisis was a result of deregulation and less government oversight. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Glass-Steagall Act separated traditional banks with shadow investment banks. As a result, the shadow banks became increasingly riskier with respect to how they invested over the years. In 2008, the global market came crashing down and prompted government to revert to a firmer regulatory position. Had government properly regulated the markets and not taken down Glass-Steagall, the economy would not have collapsed and would still be growing. Harmful monopolies must be broken up because they cause prices to be higher and reduce output. Therefore, the United States economy requires a government presence to regulate the economy and businesses. Some people believe that the market competition within capitalism will meet the needs of the consumers. However, capitalism does not provide all the necessary goods and services that consumers require. Business only care about making money and increasing profits. In order to make profits, the company must quickly research, develop, and produce a sellable product or service. In other words, businesses will not provide money for public infrastructure, new technologies, and basic services to the poorer echelons in the economy. Public infrastructure like bridges, highways, and recreational parks do not make profits and therefore businesses will not invest in them. Therefore, the government must provide money to create and maintain public infrastructures. The modern age would not be in existence today had it not been for government investing in new technologies. For example, the technology that went into designing, constructing, and building spacecraft has grown and developed into something that consumers can use. Specific examples would be the modernization of photovoltaic solar panels, lasers, microchips, enhanced photo imagery, and ultra sound imaging to name a few. These technologies are now being used in all aspects of life and are the result of government funding. Government must also come into the market to provide access to basic services to the populace. Those services include Medicare/Medicaid, welfare, social security, and public education among many others. Like every country in the world, the United States has many underprivileged, disabled, uneducated, and elderly people, who may not be able to obtain all that is needed to have the basics in life. Therefore, government must provide certain services that would ordinarily not be provided in a free market system. The capitalistic economy will not supply the funds, time, and resources to produce long term solutions because deferred benefits will not make businesses money in the short term. Therefore, government is necessary to provide basic goods and services to assist and enhance the quality of life for all social classes. Finally, government is needed to protect the rights of the workers and consumers. Companies are in business to make a profit and do so by having more income than overhead costs. One way to keep overhead down is by denying certain rights to their employees. If it was up to companies, the rights of the workers would be diminished to maximize profits. These rights include: fair salary, safety requirements, collective bargaining, and reasonable hours per week. Unions have fixed many injustices over the years through the use of collective bargaining, a right given through the federal government. The rights of the consumers also need to be preserved. Competitive markets mean cheaper prices for the consumers and the right to choose which good or service they want to buy. Consequently, government has shown to be of the utmost importance to prevent abuse and provide basic rights to the public. Government must constantly work with the market to keep the economy moving in the right direction. Government must regulate businesses to prevent market failure and promote competition. Moreover, government must provide civil services and funding to create new technologies and build public infrastructure. Lastly, government is needed to protect the rights of the general public.