Chloe Ziff . Professor Gary Rosenblatt. April 13, 2017.

Chloe Ziff Professor Gary Rosenblatt April 13, 2017 American Sign Language II Seeing Voices By Oliver Sacks Seeing Voices is a profound novel that was written by famous neurologist, Oliver Sacks in 1989. Seeing Voices is a book that delves into the history of Sign Language and expresses a genuine meaning behind what language truly is. Oliver Sacks is an engaging and fascinating writer. Being able to explore outside what he is used to, he can expand his knowledge about language. Being knowledgeable on psychiatry can help him get a better understanding of cognitive ability in the deaf community and the importance of why keeping Sign Language away from Deaf children is not beneficial for them in the hearing world. Like many of his books,†¦show more content†¦The language of the Deaf is usually consistent with the environment the language is being spoken in. For example, the signs that one can encounter in British Sign Language can be different than signs that are seen in American Sign Language. Although Sign Language itself is very universal, the specific patterns and methods of spe aking that are associated with each kind of Deaf Community can be drastically different. Sacks himself was not deaf, but it was an exciting experience for him to dive into a community he was not familiar with. The second part of the book, Sacks goes into detail about the importance of Sign Language itself and discusses the situation in which he meets a young Deaf boy named Joseph. When reading this book, I completely understood and agreed with Sacks when he stated that deaf children must learn a language at a young age to be successful. With that being said, Oliver Saks researched American Sign Language, and as a result, he ultimately decided that the Critical Period Hypothesis is extremely important when discussing the Deaf community. This theory states that there is a critical age at which people should learn a language, or they will forever be unable to express themselves with little to no education in language. Sacks show that by keeping Sign Language away from Deaf children is ultimately hurting them rather than helping. Forcing deaf children at a young age to speak and not use Sign Language as their first language is

Scientific Sessions Free Essays

Name: Ornella Hayles ID Number: 816008392 Tutor: Sheldon Pilgrim Session: Tuesdays 2-3pm3700030000 Name: Ornella Hayles ID Number: 816008392 Tutor: Sheldon Pilgrim Session: Tuesdays 2-3pm44000341947525002514604000070000455003536315690006939915370000455003536315350003520440Sci, Med TechReflective Journal3600028000Sci, Med TechReflective JournalSession Date: 22/01/18 Session No: 1Session Title: Introduction to Science TechnologyIn the first session, the lecturer did an introduction of Science Technology and an overall view of the course outline. After the introduction, I got a perspective of what Science Technology was. At first, I thought the course was going to be essentially, about science since it was mainly being mentioned, but I was wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Sessions or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lecturer took her time to clearly distinguished between science and technology and its importance to society or the world in general. She ensured that we all understood what she was lecturing by engaging us to respond to her questions, it appeared that she really wanted us to understand what was being taught so she went over what she said twice, two different ways which I appreciated. It helped me a lot to understand and grasp the concepts effectively. The use of visual cues seemed to work well with the class as it captured our attention and made us receptive. Through research I’ve come to realise scientists all have different perceptions of the word science. â€Å"Science does not purvey absolute truth, science is a mechanism. It’s a way of trying to improve your knowledge of nature, it’s a system for testing your thoughts against the universe and seeing whether they match† Isaac Asimov 1988. Science is important because it can solve some of our problems such as global warming and world hunger. I believe that science is still evolving and there’s trial and error with science which means we learn new information and we advance as humans but, it can all take years for such research or technology to be developed. â€Å"Technology can be thought of as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes†. I’ve always considered technology and science to be separate now, through critical analysis I know that science and technology are closely associated with each other. Which means technology is a part of science, it has been in existence since the prehistoric human culture (stone age). In my opinion technology is everywhere although we might not realise it our note books are a form of technology whereby we use our knowledge to document for practical purposes like computers. Overall for my first time doing this course it was challenging but, I’ve come to appreciate science and technology more, subsequently I can’t imagine having to sleep without a roof above my head or having to cook using sticks and rocks. Through this experience I’ve got a spark of curiosity that makes me more enthusiastic to know more about science and technology. Scientists have reached so far in the field of technology whereby people can afford to do scientific research and make scientific break throughs from their own houses. The society we all know and accustomed to would be non-existent if it wasn’t for the advancement in technology. We’re so dependent on science and technology without realising it. 23 MORE WORDS Session Date: 29/01/18 Session No: 2 Session Title: Scientific Methods The Nature of ScienceFor the second session, the lecturer started class with a recap of science. â€Å"All of science is uncertain and subject to revision. The glory of science is to imagine more than we could prove† Freeman Dyson. To follow up with the course outline, she started the second topic. To my understanding science is like a puzzle, to see the full image you need to put the pieces together. This can be distinguished through the scientific process. â€Å"The scientific method is a series of steps followed by scientific investigators to answer specific questions about the natural world† Regina Bailey 2017. What surprised me the most about this process is the fifth step experimentation, which is the most important step in this process. This is so because it can cause major breakthroughs in the world of science or a reversal. Through science we can make technological advancements and end some of the world major problems. â€Å"Fields of engineering are closely related to applied science. Applied science is important for technology development† Wikipedia 2018. It is understood that through scientific knowledge scientists have been able to provide services for the wellbeing of humans. Through many experiments people have been saying technology is good because it helps people medically and physically, it connects us as human beings and gives us entertainment. On the plus side technology is causing us to become less social. With this experiment, it shows how technology is applicated through private and public knowledge orientation. â€Å"Scientific objectivity is a characteristic of scientific claims, methods and results. It expresses the idea that the claims, methods and results of science are not, or should not be influenced by particular perspective value commitments, community bias or personal interests, to name a few relevant factors. Objectivity is often considered as an ideal for scientific inquiry, as a good reason for valuing scientific knowledge, and as the basis of the authority of science in society† Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy 2014. To my knowledge there are three methods that scientists use inductive approach, deductive approach and hypothetico -deductive approach. The inductive approach and deductive approach are opposite, where the inductive approach is based off fact then there’s a conclusion whilst deductive approach is a valid type of reasoning. Induction starts with observation, then a pattern, tentative, hypothesis and finally a theory. â€Å"In induction inference, we go from the specific to the general. We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a generalisation, and infer an explanation or a theory† Wassertheil Smoller 2017. Deduction has four stages theory, hypothesis, observation and confirmation. â€Å"Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true† Tech Target. Lastly hypothetico- deductive method which is seen as the only true method. What I understand is that the only way to truly test this is through experimentation which you either accept or reject the hypothesis and finally have an example. This week’s session journal was manageable enough for me. Session Date: 05/02/18 Session No: 3 Session Title: Scientific Methods, Theories and ModelsIn this week’s session, the lecturer started with the scientific method, then followed with theories and lastly models. Science is empirical, which means that it is based on observation over theory or logic. In class, we briefly discussed the history of scientific methods. It is understood that Plato 429-347 BC did not believe in empiricism but reasoning. â€Å"All knowledge could be obtained through pure reasoning (inductive), no need to actually go out and measure anything,† Plato 427-347 BC. â€Å"Contributions have been more influential, particularly when it comes to science and logical reasoning (deductive)† Aristotle 384-322 BC. Aristotle believed in empiricism. Personally, I agree with both Plato and Aristotle, for me science can be based on observation and reasoning also through empiricism where there’s a logical way to test such observations. A major point in this week’s session was observation. Observation is knowledge or data we acquire through experimentation. An example of observation from what I understand is the writing up of labs (biology or chemistry) for labs you have to observe then write what you understand. Through my research in observation I came across this question which intrigued me â€Å"Is creative concentration contagious?† Lynda Barry 2011. This brings me into another key example in topic three. When a baby sees his mother drinking in a cup, he tries to do the same with his cup, he holds it up and tries to take a sip from his cup. The baby first observes, then experiments. There are two types of observations, qualitative observations which uses your senses to observe the results and quantitative observations are made with instruments such as ruler, cylinders and thermometers which are tangible. These results are measurable. They could be used together or separately to measure data. Quantitative observation only gives statistical analysis after all the data has been gathered. What I understand from scientific theory is that it’s a repetition of a process of the natural to ensure the accuracy or legitimacy using a form of observation and experiment. An example of this would be no new evidence would show water is wet, or that you can see without your glasses. Experimentation is the process of performing a scientific procedure, especially in a laboratory, to determine something† Oxford dictionaries 2018. From the information, I gathered from the session so far is that observation and experimentation are relate and there are two types of observation. â€Å"A statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe is called a scientific law’ Wikipedia 2017. A scientific law doesn’t explain the why or what of this observed phenomenon. The explanation of this phenomenon is the scientific theory, this is why or how they are related. â€Å"In science, laws are a starting place† Peter Coppinger 2017. The description of such phenomenon is called a model. These models can be physical, conceptual or mathematical it is often used in scientific theories. How to cite Scientific Sessions, Papers

Formation And Incorporation Of Corporations †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Formation And Incorporation Of Corporations. Answer: Issues The key issues of this case are regarding the formation and incorporation of corporations, such as selection of register officer, filing the application and selecting the name of the firm. Further, the issues involve benefits of the company over sole proprietorship such as tax exemptions, expansion of business and ease in rising of funding. Type of Corporations Section 112 of the Corporations Act 2001 provides the provisions regarding different kinds of companies. The firms are divided into two parts, Proprietary, and Public Enterprises. The proprietary corporations fall into two parts, limited by shares and Unlimited with share capital. Public companies are divided into four parts which include, limited by shares, limited by guarantee, Unlimited with share capital and No liability company (Kobras 2010). Corporations Name The section 148 of the Corporations Act 2001 provides provisions regarding name of an organization. The company is requiring using an available name or Australian Company Number. In case of a public company, the word Limited must be added at the end and in the proprietary firm the word Proprietary Limited must be included in the corporations title. The unlimited proprietary companies are required to add Proprietary at the end, and no liability enterprises are required to add No Liability at the end of their title. Section 147 provides that the name of a corporation must not be identical to another organisation and it must not be unacceptable by a government authority or ASIC. The unacceptable names include the titles rejected by ASIC, the names which include commonwealth or federal and which are denied by government authority. The availability of name can be checked over National Names Index which can be searched through online website of ASIC (ASIC n.d.). A person can reserve a name under section 152 by applying prescribed form to ASIC. ASIC is obligated to reserve the name if it is available and such reservation last for two months after that person can write an application for extension of a name for two more months (Kobras 2011). Registered Office The section 119A provides provisions regarding the jurisdiction for incorporations of an enterprise. A company is incorporated in particular jurisdiction which includes a state or Territory. The firms are required to submit applications under section 117(2) (n) and 601BC (2) (o) for its registration. ASIC is obligated for providing the name of state or territory of corporations in the registration certificate. The legal capabilities of an enterprise did not get affected by the regulations of state or territory. The proposed address provided by the corporation in it registration application becomes the permanent address for its registered office. Generally, the registered office of an enterprise situated near the place of work of a company and is considered as the permanent address of the enterprise. Section 144 provides that it is mandatory for corporations to display its name at every place where it carries out its business (McBurnie and Ziguras 2001). Consents and Share Details While registering a corporation, it is necessary that the structure of the company is defined which include the number of shares and directors authorities. The consent of directors, shareholders and members of the enterprise are required for the registration. In case of a proprietary firm, the approval of the entire member is necessary for the registration procedure. The directors and members shareholding details are also needed to be provided at the time of registration. All such information must be correct and submitted at the date of registration (Coffee, Sale and Henderson 2015). Constitution or Replaceable Rules Section 136 provides that a corporation can adopt a constitution before or after its incorporation, the constitution is the contract between the company and its directors, secretary, and other members. Constitution governs the operations of directors and member of a corporation (Lawpath 2015). The replaceable rules provided under Corporations Act which also governs the internal management of an enterprise. Section 141 of the act contains provisions regarding replaceable rules which include provision relating to maintenance of books and appointment, selection, and power of directors. The adoption of the constitution is mandatory for No liability and special purpose proprietary corporations. In this case, the constitution is a better option than replaceable rules because constitution covers a wide variety of circumstances and it is a safer option for the enterprise (LegalVision 2016). Lodging Application and Paying Fee Section 117 provides provisions for lodging a registration application with ASIC. The application must include following items (Chen, Dyball and Wright 2009): Type, name, address, hour of business, proposed register office, place of business of the company Name, consent, address, family details, number of shareholding of the members Amount paid by each member and copy of constitution Application must be in prescribed format ASIC charge fees for the document and application lodge by any party. For reservation of companys name a fee of AU$48 is payable and applying for registration has a fee of AU$479 for share capital and without share capital, it is AU$395 (Green 2010). Effect of Incorporation As per section 119, a corporation comes into existence as a body corporate on the day of its incorporation. The company acquires various rights and liabilities, and it remains in existence until its deregistration. Applicability In this case, a proprietary corporation is a better choice for Richards business because it provides various benefits such as tax exemptions, expansion, and control over operations. As per National Names Index, both names (Ridali and Richs Guaranteed Olives) are available for registration. The registered office of the company should be in the Hunter Valley because it is the place of business for the enterprise. Richard should get the consent of his sons and another member who will be the part of such corporation. The company should adopt constitution instead of replaceable rules because it is safe and cover wider circumstances. The method of lodging application and effects of incorporations are mentioned above. From the above observations, incorporating a company is a better option for Richard and his sons, and the procedure of registering a corporation is referred above. Issues The key issues of this case include tortious liability of negligence by Cosmo Mine Ltd; they failed their duty of care to provide a safe environment to their workers. Another problem is whether the corporate veil can be lifted and the directors can be held responsible for the acts of Cosmo Mining Services Pty Ltd. Lifting of Corporate Veil Every corporation has separate legal entity from its directors and members meaning a member cannot be held personally liable for the actions of an enterprise. Any party aggrieved by the actions of corporations cannot sue the member or directors of such company (Ramsay and Noakes 2001). The corporate veil works as a shield for the members and directors, but in certain circumstances, the court had the authority to lift the corporate veil and held the person liable for their actions. The corporate veil can be lifted on the order or court or by the decision of shareholders of a company (Anderson 2009). Following are three circumstances from different cases in which court lifts the corporate veil. There have been several cases in which the court held corporations liable for controlling and decision-making for the operations of subsidiary companies. In the case of CSR Ltd. v Young (1998) Aust Tort Reports 81-468, the court that subsidiary corporations have established its parent enterprise agent for performing the transactions on behalf of its management (Anderson et al. 2012). Due to this relationship, the orders of Parent Corporations behest upon the subsidiary company. The plaintiff filed a case against both subsidiary and parent company because due to the work of corporations he suffered from mesothelioma. The court provided that both the enterprises have a duty of care to their employees and residents of the town because the parent company controls the actions of the subsidiary (Luntz n.d.). In Smith, Stone Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corp (1939) 4 ALL ER 116 case, the court did not consider the separate legal identity of two corporations and decided that one should be held liable for another organizations actions. In this case, the court found out that the holding company did not transfer the ownership of the waste paper business to its subsidiary which makes them the real owner of the firm and the subsidiary was just the agent of the holding corporation (Nyombi 2014). The court decided that the profits, employees, ventures, and control of subsidiary corporations shall be considered a holding companys business. The court can lift the corporate veil if the company is formed just as sham or faade to confuse or deceit the public. A good example was provided in Gilford Motor Co. v Horne (1993) Ch 935, in which an employee enters into a contract with his employer that he will not engage in similar business activities. After his resignations, the employee establishes corporations of similar work in which he and his family member were directors and shareholders. The court provided that formation of this organization is just a scam or faade and held the employee liable for his actions (Alcock 2013). In the case of Terry, the provision from above cases applies in this instance as well. The corporation failed to comply with their duty to care which caused injury to the employee. CM Company acts as an agent but completely control the operations of CMS because the majority of their shareholders were similar. Therefore, CM can be held liable for the actions of CMS. The Lazarus Pty Ltd was formed as scam and faade to remove the liability of CMS Corporation. The facts mentioned above provided that the shareholders and management of CM has an obligation towards their employees and citizens lived near the workplace; therefore, terry can file a suit against CM corporations to recover his losses. Scam and Faade Company In Creasey v Breachwood Motors Ltd (1993) BCLC 480 case, the general manager was wrongfully dismissed from Breachwood Welwyn Ltd, but before his suit, the corporation wound up (Franklin 2012). The assets of Breachwood Welwyn were transferred to Breachwood Motors, and they settle all its debts except for general managers claim. The court provided that Breachwood Motors is liable for the actions of Breachwood Welwyn because the directors ignored the provision of the separate legal entity and the new company is formed as scam or faade. In the case of Lazarus Pty Ltd, a similar principle applies as well. The new business is formed by the directors to avoid the liabilities of CMS; therefore, they shall be liable for the actions of CSM Company. Liability of Wound up Corporation CMS Company has been wound up by the unanimous vote of shareholders, in order to avoid its responsibility towards employees and public. Terry has right to file a suit against the shareholders for the damages suffered by him, due to the actions of CSM. The court can lift the corporate veil and held the shareholder liable towards the claims of Terry (Pradhan 2013). Conclusion From the above observations, it can be concluded that CM was acting as an agent for the CMS Corporation, but they hold the operating power of the company which provides them full control over the enterprise. The operations of CMS contaminated the nearby river which caused cancer to a citizen of Gunbarrel and Terry, who was the former employee of the company. The shareholders wound up the corporation to avoid the liabilities and transfer the asset to Lazarus Pty Ltd. Terry has right to file a suit against CM corporation the management of the company violated the principles of the separate legal entity and used another company to avoid their liabilities. The court can lift the corporate veil and held the director and shareholders of CM corporations liable towards employees and citizens. References Alcock, A., 2013. Piercing the Veil-A Dodo of a Doctrine.Denning LJ,25, p.241. Anderson, H., 2009. Piercing the veil on corporate groups in Australia: the case for reform.Melb. UL Rev.,33, p.333. Anderson, H.L., Welsh, M.A., Ramsay, I. and Gahan, P.G., 2012. Shareholder and Creditor Protection in Australia-A Leximetric Analysis. ASIC., n.d. Search ASIC Registers. ASIC. Retrieved from https://connectonline.asic.gov.au/RegistrySearch/faces/landing/SearchRegisters.jspx?_adf.ctrl-state=kfvwpc8ld_4 Chen, R., Dyball, M.C. and Wright, S., 2009. The link between board composition and corporate diversification in Australian corporations.Corporate Governance: An International Review,17(2), pp.208-223. Coffee Jr, J.C., Sale, H. and Henderson, M.T., 2015. Securities regulation: Cases and materials. Franklin, L., 2012. Company Law. Significance of corporate personality and the meaning of'lifting the veil of incorporation'. Green, R., 2010. Overview of some things to consider when registering an Australian company. Clear Docs. Retrieved from https://www.cleardocs.com/clearlaw/company-registration/company-registration-considerations.html Kobras, S., 2010. Business Structures in Australia. [PDF file]. Schweizer Kobras. Retrieved from https://www.schweizer.com.au/articles/Business_Structures_in_Australia_(SK00125445).pdf Kobras, S., 2011. Corporate Law. [PDF file]. Schweizer Kobras. Retrieved from https://www.schweizer.com.au/articles/Corporate_Law_(SK00079638).pdf Lawpath., 2015. Company Constitution vs Corporations Act Replaceable Rules. Lawpath. Retrieved from https://lawpath.com.au/blog/company-constitution-vs-corporations-act-replaceable-rules LegalVision., 2016. Whats the Difference Between a Company Constitution and the Replaceable Rules?. LegalVision. Retrieved from https://legalvision.com.au/difference-between-a-company-constitution-and-the-replaceable-rules/ Luntz, H., CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE LAW OF TORTS. McBurnie, G. and Ziguras, C., 2001. The regulation of transnational higher education in Southeast Asia: Case studies of Hong Kong, Malaysia and Australia.Higher Education,42(1), pp.85-105. Nyombi, C., 2014. Lifting the veil of incorporation under common law and statute.International Journal of Law and Management,56(1), pp.66-81. Pradhan, K., 2013. Liability of Past Members during Winding Up of a Company. Ramsay, I. and Noakes, D.B., 2001. Piercing the corporate veil in Australia.