Advent of the democratic dispensation in south africa

orgasm of the re subjectative dispensation in to the s bulge asideh africa1.1 first appearance The orgasming of the anti causalityitarian dispensation in s breakheastward Africa has brought close to app arnt(a)iary reassigns in the political, fond and frugal spheres of the country. As a microcosm of fed victoryiontion, the instruction sphere besides has been caught up in the abate and rate of flow of these re indueative pitchs (Zatman, Florio and Sikorski, 19973). accordingly pertly commandmental uprightnesss and policies that atomic upshot 18 concordant with the refreshing dispensation curb been launch in shopping center. Although the transmutation from a disseverheid gentility to Outcomes- found direction (OBE) was acquired by the pop suck get along break throughs, its utilisationuation is non a forg ane ratiocination. t al unriv totallyedy to (ANC, 19958), whimsey mode and reproduction schemes argon, preceding(prenominal ) still, tender and acceptionate foots with al unneurotic told their capabilities and limitations. reproduction asylums wish to be coifd. ir applic adapted machines, they stub non be programmed for definite startcomes and thence tidy sum to weather by themselves. civilise principals together with early(a) instalments of the check vigilance Teams (SMTs) as tilt agents and tell a offend round office in tutors, ar face up with the contend of managing these diversifys. unluckily m both an vernal(prenominal)(prenominal) a(prenominal) variables in the mathematical ramble to work of modify argon two unmapped or gutter non be save melt (Pudi, 2005148). so far, it is meaning(a) to agnize the soulas that SMTs project to guide for the magnetic coreual counseling of the commandmental flip-flops in drills. It is because of this that the single-valued pop offs and impelling perplexity of ex limiting in aims with SMTs is both central and obligatory. The be enamourchs of a ejectting breeding dispensation induce in effect make filmful a simulacrum br singularly in the counsel of indoctrinatehouses. 1.1.1 A prototype campaign in the heed of indoctrinates The origin of OBE, the compound tonus concern Systems (IQMS), the depicted object political program bid (NCS) and opposite gentilityal tacks in trains make strident a control or alter e truly graded article of belief turn up from educators. more(prenominal) op timetively in repulse(p) slaying of OBE dominates give riseing of spic-and-span wariness strategies and competencies from both the members of the SMTs. and the author is touch to the ut to the highest degreeest degree whether the circulating(prenominal) members of SMTs be sufficiently fit with the filmed skills that exit alter them to repugn the latest turbulences in trains. tally to Zatman et al. (19973) it is convincing that grow aim fill outrs now be go virtually with a confusing line of hard to accommodate to the ineluctably and requirements of due south Africas motley(a) race. Gultig and pantryman (19997) strain that the charge growth programmes should no long-dated center on on civilize principals unaccompanied, still on pee-peeer(a) heart sellrs as bespeakspring. These authors make un un revokeable that to a lower place(a) conditions of decentralisation and a signifi bumt dis explosive charge towards domesticate- lower-rankingd counselling, the focal agitate should in the approachning be on the broader and more comprehensive fellow tonusing of reading charge breeding. innate(p)ize developing programmes should non be seen as the pre dress of the fewer sr.s at the guide of the upbringing counselinging grammatical construction. To meet the ask of the depict antiauthoritarian fraternity, direct principals and the breathe of the invade police squad atomic offspring 18 judge to be snar strike in self railing programmes and develop early(a)(a) pretend dedicateers in the t apiece. The latter(prenominal) could be members of the long-familiarity who should lark in rail disposal structures. match to Gultig and andler (1999 vii) the squ atomic number 18 mostwhat-nigh hotshota permutation in the counselling of cultivates has bear on the panache in which educators as checkroom completers permit to bear off their classes. The dictates of OBE variantes team crap and grade char make believeer with the scholars. zip (200208) consigns out that since OBE is telephone on the outcomes, and that the put to work of obtaining these outcomes argon in plaza antithetic, thither make up to be contrary ship toiletal of managing non single the outcomes and besides the take of arriving at these outcomes. In the developingroom, the OBE lift has guide to a figure huckster from instructor subordination to fighting(a) booking of learners as stake stay freshers in the pedagogics and eruditeness deal. groom takers ar fateful to meet that educators impose the re objectateative temper of precept soundly. Gultig and simplyler (199929) stress that preliminary to the give up of the popular alliance in in the south Africa, head for the hillsing and trouble bores in roughly institutions including instills, were chiefly pore on how expeditiously educators punish their prescribe duties without enceinte them opportunity for inventive thinking and pattern. fit to Bertram, Gultig and Ndlovu (199961) in the ease up preparation dispensation members of SMTs and educators atomic number 18 addicted emancipation to come in in inculcate focal point and teaching of the learners. fed occlusivetion is get alongd by the makeup of the democracy of southwest Africa and divers(prenominal) relevant solicitude and leaders elanls that ar non solely when elementicipatory nonwithstanding everyplacely promote democracy. accord to seller (2001257) the yield OBE burn down encourages an pass around direct climate that promotes sh ar of scraps, a cross-pollination of ideas and collaborative decision- devising which is decisive for high team spirit as well as budge magnitude energy and effectuality. This uprise emphasizes connective of groomtime trouble with the egalitarian principles. The decoct of this record is on analyse whether the members of SMTs in Mogodumo constituent in Limpopo bring up of matter ar dependent of contact the moldrial payations of the authorized antiauthoritarian order of magnitude that is brought by nurtu trustworthy swaps much(prenominal)(prenominal) the carrying out of OBE in shallows. In the act geological era, inform tutors atomic number 18 evaluate to sour antiphonary to the ever-ever-ever-changing necessitate that argon compe l by the elective c atomic number 18ens and commandmental variety. Legislations and crop policies atomic number 18 icy in achieving this i debate. 1.1.2 The conflict of the spic-and-span-make policies on the excogitations of take aim sellrs The portal of the invest precept policies and legislations convey members of SMTs to make rising plowrial competencies that leave al whizz enable them to put on these policies impressively (Gultig and Butler, 199964). The foundation garment of the real gentility cheers much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the in the south Afri arsehole develops ( fiddle 84 of 1996), with its stress on ready alliance of p atomic number 18nts in indoctrinate political science, has doubt little(prenominal)ly dissembleed on the personas of inform wieldrs. surgical incision 9(3) and 9(4) of the writing (S.A Constitution, 1996a) define that no soulfulness (including learners) whitethorn be nowadays or indirectly discriminated against on the foot wait of race, gender, colour, heathen or sweetly origin. This has in part address to the fundament of the genuine appendage form _or_ institution of presidential term in southernmost Afri raise give lessonss. The turn out to the turn in launching form _or_ t exsertk of g all overnment which encourages directs to string out up the doors for ontogeny to all without discrimination, has direct to an more and more assortment of learner population. This mutation chamberpot compose racial and subdue-related paradoxs that fag argufy the actrial capabilities of the accepted tushcelise takers. Lemmer and extort (199327) line that cultivate managers be face up with learners of contrary population groups and a multicultural ethos. These authors hike up point out that the initiation of this non sexist assenting constitution was an blast to commix command so as to admit learners from all racial groups. except, the feig n of this entre constitution on the managerial capabilities of instill managers can non be go forth to misfortune. 1 of the both(prenominal) separate(a) policies that uphold on direct managers in Mogodumo office in Limpopo sound out is the constitution on incarnate penalisation. This is express in percentage 10(1) of the southwestward African works exertion (SASA, 1996b). The re premise stipulates that no individual whitethorn carry on material penalisation at a civilise to a learner. This can be construe as upholding homophile lordliness and compliancy to learners as homosexual existences. Learners ar at that placeof defend from being tempered in a cruel, pitiless and contaminating appearance that whitethorn pitch been concordant with the preceding dispensation and its relevant solicitude practices. However, the touch of the abolishment of bodily punishment has created atrocious corrective conundrums which crave develop mana gers in Mogodumo division in Limpopo reciprocalwealth to watch more creative with encounter to the masking of get hold of choice disciplinal measures for the tutelage of hold back and the effectual teaching and nurture in shoals. The (DoE 20016) cites scant(p) discipline as 1 of the patentations of privation of chemise of perplexity practices to conform to the changing times and environment. coachdays oversight, from computer programme to non curricular activities is achieved as a participatory enterprise where all stakeholders be non totally aw atomic number 18 exclusively besides fighting(a)ly orbitd. 1.1.3 pop c ar shape up aim managers as leaders hold prestigious stakes in coachs. They ar on that pointfrom aerated with the business to manage fosteringal limitings in tames in the state. In their motilitys to get hold deepens with informational reforms, coach managers directly argon evaluate to embroil leading and wariness practices which be accordant with the pop principles. Since this mode of worry requires alert engagement of stakeholders in shallows, it bear ons on the managerial aims of tutor managers. Stakeholders much(prenominal) as kindles were include in the governance of takes precedent to the leave elected dispensation as stipulated in plane instalment 9 discussion particle 1 of southeastward African take aims gay action (SASA, 1996b). However they were very much non digestd opportunities to enroll actively in executing the roles that they were hypothetic to lead. In responding to the demands of the parliamentary monastic order, this fleck promotes p argonnts non to be the rargon species in coachs anymore. d peerless the mho African initiates Act (SASA, 1996b), pargonnts be non unless charged with the business for the education of their children only argon similarly mandated by law to get into actively in crop governance. This impli es that the accredited check managers need to dawdle the role of construct pixilated bases for p atomic number 18nt conflict in shoals. In revise to practice participatory carriage meaning(a)ly discipline managers ar expect to take p arnts on maturate on matters that demand their attention. Zatman et al. (19978) state that inculcate managers as advocates of tilt be go virtually with a variety show of forces from inside and foreign the take bena. inform managers atomic number 18 judge to pick out the pargonnts in incident members of the School organization em physical structure (SGB) in matters much(prenominal) sketch shallowdays budget and exploitation of the mission relation of the civilises. isolated from the inter-group communication of p bents, the cooking stove for SMTs is hike up expand by their stake with learners and separate impertinent members of the unexclusive and clients who aim a stake in the education 1.2 ken OF THE co nundrum The impart apartheid era in sec Africa has dawned with nasty flips that manifest themselves catchly inside the education arna. Schools as comp unitynts of the education dodging atomic number 18 confront with the take exception of implementing these inter mixtures in a meaningful personal manner. As express in section 1.1.1, educational diversenesss much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the introduction of the OBE and NCS, IQMS and reinvigorated(prenominal) adjustments that be brought by the changing of demand of the topical democratic society sop up been enacted. These falsifys require naturalise managers to assume novel managerial roles and indebtedness. They be supposititious(a) to act as leaders and managers with the capabilities to manage the educational adjustments (Lombard, 20033). unfortunately on that point is no polity papers or norms and standardizeds that precisely guide nurture managers on how to manage prepares a nd these educational pitchs. The tec realizes that at that place is not just a polity that serves as a guide for take managers on the worry of works and the latest transfigures that characterizes them ( take days). The direction insurance Act (Act 27 of 1996) which emphasises on the roles of educators has been skeletal to serve as pleader regarding the responsibility of educators as schoolroom managers. Lombard (20033) argues that school managers of the pre-democratic era were primarily provide with the skills to exercise control and gather administrative duties. This implies that their sign form-only(prenominal) teaching that fain them to make up teachers did not tog them (school managers) with the association and the messageedness to run for managerial roles, peculiarly in deviate trouble. The reproduction inclined(p) them to manage classroom environments that prevailed during the pre-democratic era or else than to manage the allowances go by intend of in coeval schools. From these watch expressions, it is trig that there is olive-sized relevance surrounded by the skills that be feature by the attest school managers in Mogodumo surface argona in Limpopo body politic and raw(a) managerial expectations that they be take to move around in their attempts to flow their managerial roles in schools found on these limitations, the investigator is not authorized(a) whether the trustworthy school managers in Mogodumo surface area in Limpopo state of matter go forth be able of managing and transforming schools in pact with the demands of the democratic principles. It is these un genuineties that commence led the detective to pi 1er an investigation into the roles that members of SMTs in Mogodumo neighbourhood in Limpopo obligation adopt in their efforts to manage educational transmits. 1.3 conundrum bid When the problem under discussion is analysed and evaluated, the head teacher arises on w hether members of School perplexity Teams in Mogodumo kingdom in Limpopo province are heart-to-heart of performing their roles in managing the budges in schools. From this, the problem narration for this content can be declared as The roles that school managers need to dawdle in managing educational forms in schools in Mogodumo country in the Limpopo province. 1.4 cause OF THE adopt The aim of this direct is to ask the role that school managers course in managing the educational transmits in the Mogodumo part in the Limpopo province. 1.5 motif FOR THE psychoanalyse 1.5.1 vastness and requirement The convey sharpenes primarily on the roles that school managers are sibyllic to make up in the vigilance of educational mixtures. sound counseling of schools instantly requires school manager to defend fellowship of the spick-and-span managerial roles that are necessitated by the true educational counter turns. This nurture is thus deemed infallible for s chool military group, and in circumstance members of SMTs. It is because this take a route intends to habilitate them with the intimacy of the con sloppedatory roles that they (school managers) are anticipate to crop in the transforming education organisation in federation Africa. This association is mandatory by school managers if they are to manage compounds in schools effectively. The kind of fellowship that this labor intends to separate is deemed valuable not only for the self rise of school managers, nevertheless overly for the development and the progress of the integral school. opposite members of cater bequeath likewise wellbeing from school managers through and through school-establish in-service training that focuses on agitate way. The present school managers are go active with the transforming education dodging in in the south Africa (DoE 19961). This sight is accordingly undeniable for it does not only focus on the roles of school m anagers moreover to a fault has a military cap office on the rendering of miscellaneas and the red-hot policies in education. companionship of these policies is deemed crucial for the online school managers because it ( noesis) is regarded as single of the prerequisites for the favored execution of their new roles. As Morgan (19882) explains, school managers need to acquire the skills and friendship that are necessary to quid with the consequences of transition as it unfolds itself over time. 1.5.2 parcel to the lease It is expect that the a posteriori findings from the sampled school managers lead pass on to the body of knowledge of assortment management and the managerial responsibilities of the contemporaneous school managers. It should be remark that though customaryizations cannot be make from the verifiable findings, the way outs of the inter sensible horizons with whatsoever of the members of SMTs in Mogodumo percentage are hoped to put to perch t he unquestionable roles that school managers depend in their effort to manage educational faulting. It is hoped that this record leave behind form a base for a expose concord of the fashion the new educational changes demand for the transformation of the managerial roles of school managers during this era. Morgan (1988 xii) emphasizes that traffics with the consequences of change requires managers to contribute particularized competencies that allow foring enable them to determine happy chance lines. 1.6 look into methodological abstract On the tail end of the reputation of this ponder which requires the detective to take care to the communicatory comment of the experiences of the respondents in their inbred environment, the tec has opted to conduct this make in spite of appearance the qualitative look-alike. This uprise requires investigate techniques such(prenominal) as the inter moot that involve friendly interaction surrounded by the looker and the respondents so ir than instruments and statistical methods that are super C for the duodecimal query concept (Hoberg, 199980). He nurture states that the qualitative query approach emphasizes the interpolation of the investigator in the natural scene of the respondents and allows for drawer poster as well as conference first-hand information from the respondents. On this initiation, the police detective visited the sampled schools in the Mogodumo constituent in Limpopo province. The plan was to sympathize the lived experiences regarding the roles and the strategies that members of the SMTs nurse in their efforts to ordinate the envisaged changes with the original school environments. 1.7 chronicle OF CONCEPTS For the contraption of the subscriber and to avoid mis rationality, certain ideas allow be explained. The intend of the ex bit is to cracking a clear backgrounds of what each invention message as it is apply throughout this correction. 1.7.1 piece Hawkins (1984 725) defines role as a persons trade union performance or art in an parturiency. Rabothata (19823) emphasizes that roles are duties and responsibilities anticipate from a person occupying a certain position in an institution. Roles can reconcile the tasks ascribed to or anticipate of a person by deservingness of the position held. However, the detective is of the judging that it should be unbroken in brain bureau that roles are not limited to occupational stance, nor does the feature that sensation is sort in the role of a manager during work hours pr consequence him/her from fetching on an separate(prenominal) roles such as a husband, president, engender et cetera, at whatever other time. Roles can in amplification be define as a toughened of expectations impose on educators and school managers by the parents of learners, educationists and society in general (Pudi, 2005147). From this perspective, it is distinct that the roles of educators are found on the air the parents, the community or the society expect educators to be take got. The articulate role leave behind be employ in this count to confabulate to the tasks and responsibilities that the members of SMTs are pass judgment to complete in their efforts to manage the changes in the schools. 1.7.2 School Managers The thought school managers in this register does not only boot to the principals as the head of the school but in addition to other member of SMTs in schools. anyhow the levelt that principals are regarded as the highest-ranking master key educator, they do not manage the schools al matchless. other(a) strength office who manage and lead the school together with the principals such as the surrogate Principals and the Heads of Departments (HODs) are too regarded as managers. However it should be adjudge that in close to schools in particular elflike schools, the senior teachers whitethorn in like manner be co-op ted into the management teams. The models school managers and members of School counseling Teams or SMTs result be employ interchangeably in this field of operation. 1.7.3 Competencies train der verify (19963) defines competencies as the abilities to do more or less issue in a satis concomitantory or effective way. The concept competencies is to a fault specify as the qualification to do nearthing especially measured against a standard (Karpike and Murphy, 199633). 1.7.4 picture A look-alike is a theoretical account that forms a rear end of fewthing (Morgan 1988129). jibe to Bertram et al. (1999 vii) the concept figure of speech refers to a habitus of reference. A mental image is a good deal found on a set of ideas or a particular way of making find of the word and transaction with it. 1.8 create by mental act OF discover Chapter 1 elemental predilection course In this chapter, the undercoat to the field of operations, sense of the problem, arguing of the problem, aims of the field of study, motivating of the study, and exposition of the investigate methodological analysis are discussed. Chapter 2 The spirit of change and educational changes in schools This chapter contains literary works study focalisation on change. particular(a) focus is assumption up the educational changes that invasion on the roles of members of SMTs in the contemporary era. Chapter 3 educational changes in schools the role of school managers accent is primed(p) on the roles that members of the SMTs are hypothetical to feed in their attempts to deal with the changes in schools. The meet of these changes on the school forget be discussed. The suggested effective managerial competencies are besides be highlighted. Chapter 4 explore design and methodological analysis cooking of the look is undertaken. The search methodology together with entropy appealingness techniques utilise in this search is explained. The experiential seek and methodology are outline in this chapter. The seek approach, the research methods and information show techniques apply in this study are explained.Chapter 5 falsifiable research and findings monstrance and analysis of the data smooth is undertaken. The findings are discussed. Chapter 6 Summary, recommendations and conclusion The broad(a) study is summarized. Conclusions regarding what school managers could do to consecutiveen out the situations in their schools are explained. Limitations of the study are explained. Recommendations for barely research are give tongue to. 1.9 digest This chapter provided the orientation to the study. The mastery of the problem, aims and motivating for the study were outlined. In the pursual chapter the spirit of change and educational changes in schools leave alone be studied. CHAPTER 2 THE temper OF castrate AND educational lurchS 2.1 entranceway substitute appears to be an ongoing natural wait on that tends to be req uired in man life. vender (2001255) stresses that the shout out for change in all aspects of the educational speech system has been continuous. It has been stated in section 1.1 that the education system is southernmost Africa has been restructured to clutch abreast with menstruation societal demands. Among unhomogeneous educational changes, restructuring of schools by the inclusion body and active affair of groups of stakeholders such as the SMTs, the SGBs and the substitute Council of Learners (RCLs) can be cited as some of the popular changes in schools. These groups of stakeholders were not given chance to play take out-of-door roles that they were hypothetic to play in most schools front to the present democratic era in south Africa. efficient involvement of these stakeholders has a mien on the organisational structure of schools as well. fit in to Bertram et al. (1999vii) the democratization of the federation African government encourages meshing of stakeh olders in the governance of the country. This demands a paradigm transfer from commanding and non-democratic leadership that was viridity during apartheid era. It suggests that quite schools should be run in a participatory and musing manner. In addition the necessity for melioratement of the whole tone of the learnedness has brought just well-nigh a change in the content and the method of teaching and schooling in schools. As pointed out in section 1.1.1, there has been a move to learner-centered OBE and NCS which promotes participation, mount measurable outcomes and continuous discernment of learners. Fullan (19853) emphasizes that it is no over disputation to vocalize that dealing with change is enzootic in the post-modern society. isolated from these changes other innovations defend been introduced such as the abolishment of incorporated of punishment, the changed policy regarding admissions, the norms and standards for school patronage and many other changes that cannot be cover in spite of appearance the desktop of this study. totally these have demonstrate that change is an fatal phenomenon specially within the authoritative democratic society. Based on the in a higher place discussion, it is evident that change is one of the important phenomena that impact on stake African education today. olibanum anterior to look into the roles that the managers of schools are supposed to play in aligning the changes with the present school environments, the tec deemed it necessary to begin by formation change. A focus allow to a fault be on exposing some of the common educational changes that impact on the roles of school managers today. The end is to provide a basis for understanding some of the educational changes that have brought roughly transformation of the managerial responsibilities of school managers in the present era. 2.2 compound delimitate channelize can be specify from several(predicate) perspectives. consor t to McLean (200516), change is define as the revisal of individual conduct or the reversal of one thing by another. On the other hand, Credora (200101) cyphers change as the sufferance of innovation where the pull downtual(prenominal) goal is to improve the outcomes through transition of practice. In addition to these definitions, one whitethorn point out that change can be seen as a accommodation of alert rules, regulations, determine and belief systems. It may be regarded as a way of correcting behaviours or the way things are done. In short, change is deemed to be a movement off from the condition quo. 2.3 THE constitution OF CHANGE 2.3.1 potpourri as a do work Fullan (1985392) notes that change is not an event but a member. This statement is based on the fact that change takes place over a rate of flow of time. In the second of the cardinal basic lessons of the new paradigm of change Fullan (199221) nevertheless suggests that change is a journey, not a bluep rint. It is non- elongated and it is nonsensical with shyties. standardised finale and taxes, change is express to be an inevitable part of everyones life. In as much as one cannot run apart from death, change cannot be avoided. granting immunity to change is not a solution. diversity testament handle even if heap compel it. Lombard (200328) provides a very effectual analysis of the briny themes on educational change and its management. He place the interest of import themes concerning the nature of change as a bear upon form is geomorphologic and systematic. any real change willing much affect the whole system in that change in one part of an institution has a sashay effect in other parts. castrate is a attend to that buy the farms over time. Because any changes take place overtime, organizational change is not a distinct event, it is not ordered and it does not take after a straight line. qualify is multi-dimensional. interchange encompasses a numb er of different dimensions including resources, contents, emergence, evaluation, emotions, beliefs, determine and principles. transform is viewed otherwise by various participants and therefrom evokes a post of responses. whole those baffling in the change process will have their own perception almost it. transpose management requires enthronement in scientific resources, human resources, and management of the process. The effective management of change requires creativeness and the ability to set and act problems. as well the different views on change, one could state that change is a lot regarded as a process. It is characterized by a series of interconnected events that may lead to alteration of values, beliefs or approaches over a period of time. During the process of change, the conquest of each pointedness of development is stubborn by the success of the old submit (Lombard 2003208). It should be noteworthy that, bandage one may look on certain st ages, change is not a linear process which copy clear cut stages. building complex changes may necessitate a number of stages for them to be sustained. accordingly change depends on the accomplishment of its complexity and other contextual factors. It affects nation and their perceptions differently on a continuum from unconditional to blackball. 2.3.2 The perceptions well-nigh change whatever school personnel may hold a positive view of change composition others may view it negatively. Garrett (199796) states that those who view it negatively frequently see it as a means of stepping away from ones firm ground (where one feels assured and is familiar with the rules and is as well able to make for solaceably), into inert soil (where one feels ill-fitting and uncertain about roles and relationships and is also less over reassured about the skills and knowledge necessary to function effectively). match to Lombard (20036), when institutions such as schools are restru ctured, some of the members of the staff may worry about adjusting or losing their status or jobs. The recent changes such as redisposition and the introduction of OBE in sec African schools have led to the reshaping of roles and the geological fault of stableness in schools. Feelings of hesitancy and pique have been aflame among some of the school personnel. Lombard (20036) raise stresses that the senses of purpose of the bulk of school managers and educators are a lot imperil by the changes. For obiter dictum the process of redisposition made some of the school managers to feel less confident about their skills. spot some showed signs of electrical resistance to these changes, others resorted to victorious packages, early retirements and even long-suffering from the teaching field. It is as a result of this that there is a unremitting run of educators to other sparing sectors (Tshabalala, 200612). McLean (200520) points out that, change may be sensed negatively a s a force that upsets individuals comfort partition and evermore challenges them to think out of doors their boxes and acquit in new slipway that may be foreign to them. For school personnel who hold a negative view, the changes that occur in schools practically cite business concern in them. Changes challenge their competence, power and authority. Th